Identify the five specificities of IoIT and their impact on GIS spatial analysis.
The Internet of Intelligent Things (IoIT) refers to an evolution of IoT, where devices are not only connected and capable of data collection but also support advanced computing capabilities to process, filter, and analyze sensor data. These capabilities include local data processing, noise reduction, and pattern recognition to generate contextual and actionable insights in real time. The specificities of IoIT—interdependency, constrained resources, ubiquity, unattended operations, and mobility—shape how IoIT devices can be integrated with GIS systems. Interdependency allows devices to work together for real-time insights, while constrained resources demand edge computing for efficient processing. Ubiquity and mobility highlight the need for scalable GIS systems to handle widespread data streams and dynamic environments. Unattended operations thrive with intelligence embedded everywhere, enabling decentralized decision-making across devices. Federated learning enhances privacy by facilitating localized data processing while still supporting robust machine learning model development. Therefore, IoIT-enabled GIS plays a significant role in enhancing our understanding of the world as complex systems, characterised by the dynamic evolution of processes across time and space. These systems often exhibit nonlinear relationships, feedback loops, and emergent behaviours.