Summarize how the role and usage of GIS&T has grown across the insurance industry during the 21st century.
This article explores the historical and modern intersections of GIS&T and insurance, emphasizing how location intelligence has always been central to risk evaluation. It examines the current applications of GIS&T in insurance, including improved data collection, visualization, real-time risk monitoring, and dynamic pricing models like parametric insurance. Furthermore, it investigates how GIS&T is transforming insurance portfolio management through geographic concentration analysis, market penetration strategies, and network optimization. Looking ahead, the paper discusses the integration of GIS&T with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins to enhance predictive modeling and climate resilience. As the frequency and severity of natural disasters rise, insurers are leveraging GIS&T not only to assess risk but also to proactively mitigate losses and bolster community resilience.