GIS applications in forestry are as diverse as the subject itself. Many foresters match a common stereotype as loggers and firefighters, but many protect wildlife, manage urban forests, enhance water quality, provide for recreation, and plan for a sustainable future. A broad range of management goals drives a broad range of spatial methods, from adjacency functions to zonal analysis, from basic field measurements to complex multi-scale modeling. As such, it is impossible to describe the breadth of GIS&T in forestry. This review will cover core ways that geospatial knowledge improves forest management and science, and will focus on supporting core competencies.
A global navigation satellite system (GNSS), composed of user receivers, satellites, and ground control stations, is designed to provide accurate positions in 3-dimensional space. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of four GNSS freely available today. The fundamental GNSS approach is widely used today in cellphones, automobiles, autonomous vehicles, uncrewed aerial vehicles, and even as tagged luggage or bicycles. Significant improvements in the GNSS approach is available to the educated mapping scientist with an appropriate GNSS receiver/antenna, the appropriate environmental context, and processing of the satellite signals. This chapter provides the reader the fundamental concepts involved in the GNSS approach. With such knowledge the reader can make informed decisions about receivers, their use in the environment, and processing approaches for their unique applications.
Indoor geographic information system (GIS) opens up a new frontier for identifying, analyzing and solving complex problems. In many indoor GIS-driven applications such as indoor wayfinding and logistics planning and management, determination of location information deserves special attention because global positioning system (GPS) may be inaccessible. Alternative methods and systems have emerged to overcome this hurdle. The time-of-arrival (TOA) measurement is one of the most adopted metrics in numerous modern systems such as radar, acoustic/ultra-sound-based tracking, ultra-wide band (UWB) indoor localization, wireless sensor networks (WSN) and Internet of things (IoT) localization. This topic presents the TOA technique and methods to solve the localization and synchronization problem. We also introduce variants of the TOA system schemes, which are adopted by real-world applications. As a use case of the TOA technique realized in practice, a UWB localization system is introduced. Examples are given to demonstrate that indoor localization and GIS are tightly interconnected.