Learning outcome list

Number Name Actions
1 Demonstrate basic skills in digital cartography, via the production of hardcopy and digital maps with appropriate layout and information. View
2 Acquire knowledge of how UAS technology is applied in geospatial research. View
3 Adjust label properties to create an appropriate label hierarchy. View
4 Analyse the variation in accessibility measures statistically and across space.   View
5 Analyze past cases to identify best practices of design and implementation View
6 Analyze previous attempts at funding to identify successful and unsuccessful techniques View
7 Analyze spatial patterns of selected point, line, and area feature arrangements on maps View
8 Analyze the challenges that the Semantic Web poses on the discovery and interpretation of information and how these challenges can be dealt with View
9 Analyze the impact of parameters on the performance of a genetic algorithm. View
10 Analyze the relative performance of data retrieval strategies View
11 Analyze the way in which processes can affect observed spatial data patterns might vary locally View
12 Apply a maximum flow algorithm to calculate the largest flow from a source to a sink, using the edges of the network, subject to capacity constraints on the arcs and the conservation of flow View
13 Apply appropriate generalization operators to change the display of map data to a smaller scale. View
14 Apply appropriate models to site different types of facilities View
15 Apply cartographic principles to create maps which effectively convey information to diverse stakeholders. View
16 Apply classification methods in the univariate case. View
17 Apply one or more grouping or gestalt principles to achieve appropriate figure-ground for map elements. View
18 Apply or develop formal systems for describing continuous spatio-temporal processes View
19 Apply spatial statistical software (e.g., GeoDa) to create and estimate an autoregressive model. View
20 Apply the method of weighted least squares and maximum likelihood to fit semi-variogram models to datasets View
21 Apply various hypsometric tinting schemes to an elevation layer in GIS, and combine this with a relief shading layer using transparency or a similar approach. Discuss how relief shading changes the hypsometric color scheme. View
22 Apply various techniques for normalizing data View
23 Appraise the intelligence tradecraft process View
24 Argue for and against Critical GIS using the assertions provided in section B and D. View
25 Argue for and against the treatment of geospatial information as a commodity View
26 Assess aspects of data quality that are described in the Spatial Data Transfer Standard.  View
27 Assess sensors used for GEOINT data collection View
28 Assess the current status of Goreâ's "digital earth" View
29 Assess the data quality of a source dataset for appropriateness for a given mapping task, including an evaluation of the data resolution, extent, currency or date of compilation, and level of generalization in the attribute classification. View
30 Assess the importance and roles of cyberinfrastructure to science and engineering View
31 Assess the involvement of non-GIS companies (e.g., Microsoft, Google) in the geospatial industry View
32 Assess the practicality of statistically reliable sampling in a given situation View
33 Associate SPC coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding positions on a U.S. map or globe View
34 Associate UTM coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding position on a world map or globe View
35 Attribute concepts, principles, and theories to problem tasks; View
36 Be able to give examples of how models are used in simulations, and how their accuracy and uncertainty can be measured and communicated. View
37 Be familiar with a number of numerical shape descriptors, and appreciate that no one such descriptor can provide complete information about a shape. View
38 Become familiar with techniques to calibrate SI models, and differentiate between traditional parametric SI models and more recent non-parametric varieties. View
39 Calculate heights and areas of objects and distances between objects shown in a vertical aerial image View
40 Calculate slope using a topographic map and a DEM View
41 Calculate the nominal scale of a vertical aerial image View
42 Calculate the planimetric and actual road distances between two locations on a topographic map View
43 Calculate various measures of adjacency in a polygon dataset View
44 Calibrate a linear combination model by adjusting weights using a test data set View
45 Categorize classification and clustering methods used in different areas of GIS&T. View
46 Categorize examples of international geospatial organizations View
47 Categorize strategies for creating a schedule for the design and implementation of a GIS View
48 Characterize computing leveraging middleware, such as Apache Spark View
49 Characterize data types and indexing for physical data models. View
50 Characterize general organizational models as a starting point to describe GIS program management models View
51 Characterize the entity, attribute, and relationship components of a conceptual data model. View
52 Characterize the limitations of HDFS for the storage and processing of spatial data. View
53 Characterize the role of GIS as a generator for SDSS View
54 Check how a lesson helps build relationships between concepts, procedures, and meta-cognitive knowledge; View
55 Choose appropriate representations of time based on the behavior type of a dynamic system (among static, oscillating, chaotic and stochastic).    View
56 Choose suitable visual dimensions to appropriately represent their multiple variables. View
57 Clarify the meanings of the following terms or law-like statements: Teleconnection Time priority principle Space for time substitution Spacing time and timing space When time is short, space is conserved. When space is limited, time is prese View
58 Classify the different metrics that can be used to measure or quantify “attractiveness” for a retailer. View
59 Classify the level of behavioral and cognitive activity of a lesson; View
60 Collaborate effectively with colleagues of differing social backgrounds in developing balanced GIS applications View
61 Collaborate with non-GIS experts who use GIS to design applications that match commonsense understanding to an appropriate degree View
62 Compare a cookbook versus a worked-out presentation of a procedural lesson; View
63 Compare and contrast a composite equity index versus equity indicators View
64 Compare and contrast basic set theory and basic arithmetic. View
65 Compare and contrast block-kriging with areal interpolation using proportional area weighting View
66 Compare and contrast Boolean and fuzzy logical operations View
67 Compare and contrast centralized, federated, and distributed models for managing information infrastructures View
68 Compare and contrast co-location rule learning and spatial analysis techniques for co-presence such as overlay. View
69 Compare and contrast data-driven rings differ with simple rings accounting for their suitability in different settings. View
70 Compare and contrast different categories of social media platforms. View
71 Compare and contrast different color models by their purposes and gamuts. View
72 Compare and contrast different design choices in developing simulation models View
73 Compare and contrast different kinds of evaluation methods for cartography and visualization (e.g., qualitative versus quantitative, formative versus summative studies). View
74 Compare and contrast different options of combining spatiotemporal dynamics modeling with GIS View
75 Compare and contrast different techniques for representing uncertainty in maps (e.g., the use of static vs. dynamic approaches) View
76 Compare and contrast different types of remote sensing platforms. View
77 Compare and contrast different types of spatial models and their applications. View
78 Compare and contrast direct and indirect access search and retrieval methods View
79 Compare and contrast discrete, continuous, and spacetime perspectives of time to model dynamics in geographical phenomena and human-environment interactions View
80 Compare and contrast epistemology and ontology View
81 Compare and contrast error and uncertainty View
82 Compare and contrast global and local statistics and their uses. View
83 Compare and contrast how buffers are generated differently in the vector and raster data models. View
84 Compare and contrast how systematic errors and random errors affect measurement of distance View
85 Compare and contrast issues with reading topographic maps, terrain maps, and image maps. View
86 Compare and contrast logic and set theory View
87 Compare and contrast logical data models as related to spatial database management systems implementations. View
88 Compare and contrast professional and practical (“internalist”) perspectives and critical (“externalist”) perspectives on the ethics of GIS&T. View
89 Compare and contrast SAR learning and spatial regression for correlation analysis. View
90 Compare and contrast several operators for fuzzy aggregation, including those for intersect and union View
91 Compare and contrast single-user versus multi-user SDBMS approaches. View
92 Compare and contrast Sun-synchronous satellite orbits to geostationary orbits. View
93 Compare and contrast the “first” and “second” phases of GIS&T education. View
94 Compare and contrast the ability of different theories to explain various situations View
95 Compare and contrast the advantages and limitations of non-contiguous, contiguous, graphical/Demers/Dorling, and mosaic cartograms.  View
96 Compare and contrast the advantages of simple random versus systematic sampling. View
97 Compare and contrast the communication, representation, and post-representation theories of cartography and identify the theories' implications for the process of designing maps. View
98 Compare and contrast the concept of overlay as it is implemented in raster and vector domains View
99 Compare and contrast the concepts of continuants (entities) and occurrents (events) View
100 Compare and contrast the concepts of event and process View
101 Compare and contrast the conceptual differences between an array database store and a relational database. View
102 Compare and contrast the consequences of different national policies about rights to geospatia data in terms of the real costs of spatial data, their coverage, accuracy, uncertainty, reliability, validity, and maintenance View
103 Compare and contrast the distortions caused by map projections (for example, area, shape, length, and direction.) View
104 Compare and contrast the evaluation of benefits at different scales (e.g., national, regional/state, local) View
105 Compare and contrast the features of descriptive vs. analytic epidemiologic studies. View
106 Compare and contrast the file formats suited to presentation of maps on the Web to those suited to print publication in high resolution contexts. View
107 Compare and contrast the initiatives of various countries to move their national mapping activities to geospatial data View
108 Compare and contrast the interpretation of landscape, geomorphic features, and human settlement types shown on a series of topographic maps from several different countries View
109 Compare and contrast the interpretive dangers (e.g., ecological fallacy, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem) that are inherent to different types of maps or visualizations and their underlying geographic data View
110 Compare and contrast the major differences between NoSQL and relational databases. View
111 Compare and contrast the manual measurement of the areas of polygons on a map printed from a GIS with those calculated by the computer and discuss the implications these variations in measurement might have on map use View
112 Compare and contrast the opportunities and pitfalls of using regions to aggregate geographic information (e.g., census data) View
113 Compare and contrast the primary sources of geospatial software, including major and minor commercial vendors and open-source options View
114 Compare and contrast the relationship of the geospatial profession and the U.S. legal regime with similar relationships in other countries View
115 Compare and contrast the relative advantages and limitations four ways to represent spatiotemporal information: single static maps, multiple static maps, single dynamic maps, and multiple dynamic maps. View
116 Compare and contrast the relative advantages and limitations of mobile apps versus responsive web maps. View
117 Compare and contrast the relative advantages of different immersive display, processing, and output systems used for cartographic visualization (e.g., CAVEs, HMDs, etc.). View
118 Compare and contrast the relative merits of the use-case driven and architecture-centric design processes View
119 Compare and contrast the stylistic elements of different pastiche map styles (e.g., realism, minimalism, cartooning) by form, color, type, and texture. View
120 Compare and contrast the terms multi-criteria evaluation, weighted linear combination, and site suitability analysis View
121 Compare and contrast the three theories informing environmental criminology: rational choice, routine activities, and crime pattern theory. View
122 Compare and contrast the types of icons used in map design View
123 Compare and contrast the U.S. federal governmentâ's policy regarding rights to geospatial data with similar policies in other countries View
124 Compare and contrast Thematic Mapper (TM) with Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+). View
125 Compare and contrast two geospatial applications that can leverage social media data from the perspectives of techniques, tools, and approaches to process and mine social media data. View
126 Compare and contrast two storytelling genres by their content and design strategies. View
127 Compare and contrast two types of equipment that a surveyor uses. Explain why each is useful for particular tasks. View
128 Compare and contrast two vector data formats for use in a web/mobile map. View
129 Compare and discuss the relative performance of different spatial indices. View
130 Compare classes of technologies and services that could be candidates for technology transfer. View
131 Compare communicating research ideas with the research community and industrial incubators. View
132 Compare conflation with spatial join, image fusion and other related operations for data integration. View
133 Compare diagnostic and model fit results from local and global models of regression View
134 Compare different categories of GEOINT products and uses View
135 Compare different temporal resolutions of spatio-temporal data View
136 Compare machine learning models using different learning processes View
137 Compare measuring parallel performance using execution time versus speedup View
138 Compare methods used in cartographic classification. View
139 Compare multiple map projections to explain the difference in distortion patterns, and how the maps would be suited for different analysis or visualization purposes. View
140 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of group participation and individual participation View
141 Compare the decisions made using a map with a reliability overlay from those made using a map pair separating data and reliability, both drawn from the same dataset View
142 Compare the discrete and continuous approaches for computing the intervisibility of viewpoints. View
143 Compare the elevation values of a number of nearby and widely separated points on a DEM, and see how shaded relief values correspond to these differences.  View
144 Compare the implementations of coordinates in vector and raster datasets. View
145 Compare the mechanisms for developing spatial data infrastructure across different countries or regions View
146 Compare the paid driver vs. crowdsourcing models of obtaining street-level imagery. View
147 Compare the properties of variograms graphically View
148 Compare the spatial datasets of land cover and elevation as inputs for natural resource management. View
149 Compose data integrity statements for a geostatistical or spatial analysis to be included in graphic output View
150 Compute and interpret a Moran scatterplot. View
151 Compute descriptive statistics and geostatistics of geographic data View
152 Compute the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. View
153 Conduct a simulation experiment using available simulation software View
154 Conduct a spatial econometric analysis to test for spatial dependence in the residuals from least-squares models and spatial autoregressive models. View
155 Conduct point pattern analysis (PPA) on a sample point dataset. View
156 Conduct positional accuracy assessments, including interpretation of results View
157 Conjecture where else you might wish to see set theory used in GIS. View
158 Consider variations upon, or alternatives to, bivariate and multivariate mapping. View
159 Considering the measurement framework applied to moving object tracking, identify which of the dimensions of location, attribute, and time is fixed, which is controlled, and which is measured View
160 Construct a semi-variogram and illustrate with a semi-variogram cloud View
161 Construct and interpret a model using the MGWR software View
162 Construct the median problem, the PMP View
163 Construct the two coverage models, the LSCP and the MCLP View
164 Construct two maps about a conflict or war producing one supportive of each side's viewpoint View
165 Contrast professional GEOINT certification programs View
166 Contrast the approach to research afforded by eScience ideas with the approach you see practiced currently in GIScience and Geography View
167 Contrast the results of cartographic classifications. View
168 Convert a data set from the native format of one GIS product to another View
169 Convert a dataset from one format to another using two different conversion tools and describe the differences between the processes. View
170 Convert between vector and raster forms of spatial data representation using common GIS software and tools View
171 Correctly apply terms such as vagueness, ambiguity, and fuzzy logic to different scenarios or situations. View
172 Create a collaborative process which incorporates GIS&T for an urban plan by applying tools and methods of planning support systems or Geodesign. View
173 Create a data set with network attributes and topology View
174 Create a descriptive map that locates a story in time and space documenting your power, position, and decision-making process. View
175 Create a drawing of a system of interest. Sketch out the agents belonging to this system, the nature in which these agents interact with each other, and how these agents interact with their surrounding landscape. View
176 Create a functional, multi-table database with proper primary and foreign keys and relevant attributes, e.g., inventory and harvest tables that may be joined to stand tables. View
177 Create a generalized dataset for mapping at 1:1,000,000 from topographic data compiled for 1:24,000 mapping. View
178 Create a GIS database that models temporal information View
179 Create a hypothetical virtual environment by identifying a logical stack of hardware and software. View
180 Create a map icon library with a coherent aesthetic style, denoting their referents, which can be modified using other visual variables to encode additional information. View
181 Create a matrix describing the pattern of adjacency in a set of planar enforced polygons View
182 Create a personal narrative map that prioritizes emotion and experiences of place documenting your power, position, and decision-making process. View
183 Create a profile of a cross section through a terrain using a topographic map and a digital elevation model (DEM) View
184 Create a progression of specificity regarding geospatial cognition View
185 Create a project plan for a map, from planning to closing.  View
186 Create a proposal to justify the funding necessary for the design process of a GIS  View
187 Create a raster analysis method to determine suitable locations for a particular planned facility. View
188 Create accurate point, line, and polygon feature data using GNSS alone, from field data collection, through data transfer, quality control, conversion, projection, and attribute creation. Moreover, the student should be able to explain the primary factors View
189 Create an adjacency table from a sample network View
190 Create an analytical or data-driven map that illustrates trends or changes over time and space documenting your power, position, and decision-making process. View
191 Create an incidence matrix from a sample network View
192 Create an SQL query that extracts data from related tables View
193 Create an SQL query to retrieve elements from a database table View
194 Create and implement a workflow from data collection/curation and processing/analysis to interpretation and visualization/display of geographic data to characterize a tourism destination or the recreational opportunities of a location. View
195 Create and implement all workflows for field data collection, from developing field spatial and attribute data needs, designing and creating electronic field forms with pick lists and error trapping as appropriate, through upload, collection, download, qu View
196 Create density maps from point datasets using kernels and density estimation techniques using standard software View
198 Create initial weights using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) View
199 Create large (i.e., terrabyte-scale), distributed databases holding inter-related spatial identifiers View
200 Create legends for the following map types: choropleth, proportional symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot density, dasymetric, and flow. View
201 Create maps that encode multiple variables into map symbolization. View
202 Create proposals and presentations to secure funding View
203 Create spatial samples under a variety of requirements, such as coverage, randomness, and transects View
204 Create two visualizations of the same area – one meant to be used for advertising in a tourist brochure and one meant to analyze public health and safety concerns.  View
205 Create your own process model in a selected GIS graphical editor View
206 Critically discuss some societal effects stemming from the web-enabled shift of spatial data production from experts to laypersons (i.e., the rise of “neogeography”). View
207 Critically evaluate the relationship of street level imagery with the people and landscapes depicted in the photographs, especially related to issues of privacy and surveillance. View
208 Critique a big data visualization by how well it overcame computational, visual, and ethical challenges View
209 Critique a map based on the real-world and cross-cultural connotations evoked by the color selections on maps. View
210 Critique a map icon library based on the culturally negotiated meanings imbued in the signs. Consider who or what may be excluded from the library. View
211 Critique a typeface for a given map, analyzing what is appropriate and/or inappropriate about it. View
212 Critique CA for modeling geographical systems. View
213 Critique examples of different types of cartograms by their relative success at communicating information.  View
214 Critique examples of different types of flow maps by their relative success at communicating information. View
215 Critique examples of terrain representation based on their relative pros and cons. View
216 Critique how a lesson promotes active cognitive processing and how it provides guidance; View
217 Critique the assertion that public participation GIS promotes democracy View
218 Critique the assumption that maps can or should be "accurate" View
219 Critique the design of a map depicting spatiotemporal information, providing alternative design solutions.  View
220 Critique the layout of several maps in terms of layout, balance, legibility, clarity, visual contrast, figure-ground organization, and hierarchal organization. View
221 Critique the U.S. Geological Surveyâ's choice of UTM as the standard coordinate system for the U.S. National Map View
222 Critique the usability of existing web maps, including visual design choices, user interface, and interaction affordances and feedbacks. View
223 Critique typographic integrity in export formats with respect to resolution and anti-aliasing (e.g., some file export processes break type into letters degrading searchability, font processing, and reliability of Raster Image Processing). View
224 Decompose Moran's I and Geary's C into local measures of spatial association. View
225 Deconstruct a map of an area you know well to find silences, blindspots, and moments of contradiction that reveal larger power structures .  View
226 Deconstruct an animated map by the manner that time is conceptualized (universal, cyclical, etc.) and type of change it depicts (i.e., existential, locational, attribute).  View
227 Deconstruct an interactive map into its basic interaction primitives.  View
228 Deconstruct and critique the symbol-referent relationship of a given map symbol. View
229 Deconstruct of a map's stylistic choices regarding form, color, type, and texture. View
230 Deconstruct the silences (feature omissions) on a map of a personally well known area View
231 Defend or refute the argument that local knowledges are contested View
232 Defend or refute the contention that critical studies have an identifiable influence on the development of the information society in general and GIScience in particular View
233 Defend or refute the contention that the masculinist culture of computer work in general, and GIS work in particular, perpetuates gender inequality in GIS&T education and training and occupational segregation in the GIS&T workforce View
234 Defend or refute the notion that the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a form of object-oriented database View
235 Define "metadata" in the context of the geospatial data set View
236 Define "thesaurus" as it pertains to geospatial metadata View
237 Define “GIS Management” as a basis for examining organizational models for GIS programs View
238 Define “spatial decision support system” View
239 Define a data model. View
240 Define a field in terms of properties, space, and time View
241 Define and describe map overlay, Voronoi diagrams, and Delaunay triangulations View
242 Define and describe the concepts of ontology, ontological languages, and ontological queries View
243 Define and describe the relevancy of power, privilege, and position (i.e. situate knowledge) in mapping stories. View
244 Define and describe the set of knowledge and skills that a Real Estate GIS Specialist is likely to require. View
245 Define and describe varying conceptualizations of maps and storytelling. View
246 Define and explain the meaning of the geographical concepts of space, place, and scale and how they relate to the humanities View
247 Define and explain the meaning of the terms “digital humanities” and “spatial humanities” View
248 Define and illustrate the purpose of web GIS programming, such as how to use it to build or extend GIS software functionality. View
249 Define basic terms of query processing (e.g., SQL,table join, group by, aggregate queries) View
250 Define cartographic design, differentiating four different usages of the word. View
251 Define Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), Gamification and Hackathon View
252 Define commercial GIS application and how it may be licensed. View
253 Define common theories on what is “real,” such as realism, idealism, relativism, and experiential realism View
254 Define computational notebooks in general without reference to individual technology platforms. View
255 Define conceptual data model. View
256 Define different interpretations of cost in various routing applications View
257 Define Enterprise GIS in an generalized manner without reference to a specific enabling technologies. View
258 Define epistemology and differentiate it from ontology. View
259 Define error and uncertainty View
260 Define fractals View
261 Define GeoAI. View
262 Define geodesign and describe how it contributes to GIS&T. View
263 Define Graphics Processing Units for general-purpose computation. View
264 Define grid operations and Map Algebra. View
265 Define linear referencing View
266 Define location privacy. View
267 Define Location-Based Services, Compare LBS, and other GIS applications. View
268 Define logical data model. View
269 Define machine learning; View
270 Define Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure. View
271 Define MAUP and explain gerrymandering as an example of MAUP View
272 Define Message Passing Interface (MPI) View
273 Define metadata, and describe the types of information that may be included in metadata. View
274 Define NP-hard. View
275 Define Openness. View
276 Define physical data model. View
277 Define pictorial, associative, and abstract as these terms relate to icon design View
278 Define resolution and its linkage to the broader concept of scale View
279 Define social media, social media analytics, natural language processing and text mining. View
280 Define social media. View
281 Define spatial autocorrelation. View
282 Define spatial autocorrelation. View
283 Define spatial data infrastructure. View
284 Define spatial data infrastructure. View
285 Define spatial data types, communication and union operation using MPI View
286 Define spatial data uncertainty, quality, accuracy, error, and geo-semantic uncertainty. View
287 Define Stevens' four levels of measurement (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) View
288 Define technology transfer. View
289 Define terms related to topology (e.g., adjacency, connectivity, overlap, intersect, logical consistency) View
290 Define the basic terms used in relational database management systems (e.g., tuple, relation, foreign key, SQL, relational join) View
291 Define the classic transportation problem analytically using graphs,equations, and matrices. View
292 Define the concept of a spatial index and what kind of spatial operations it is related to. View
293 Define the concept of conflation and what kind of context it is used. View
294 Define the concept of TOA measurements, and what information is in TOA measurements. View
295 Define the ecological fallacy. View
296 Define the following terms pertaining to a network: Loops, multiple edges, the degree of a vertex, walk, trail, path, cycle, fundamental cycle View
297 Define the following terms pertaining to a network: vertex, edges, nodes, links, loops, parallel edges, route, walk, path, circuit, cycle, the degree of a node, diameter. View
298 Define the following terms: data, information, knowledge, and wisdom View
299 Define the four basic dimensions or shapes used to describe spatial objects (i.e., points, lines, regions, volumes) View
300 Define the fundamentals of co-location rule learning. View
301 Define the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and describe its effects on mapping and statistical analysis. View
302 Define the notions of cultural landscape and physical landscape View
303 Define the role and scope of how libraries, museums, and archives provide access to geospatial materials and services. View
304 Define the semantic information extraction and semantic annotation processes View
305 Define the terms typeface and label. View
306 Define UAS. View
307 Define various terms used to describe topological relationships, such as disjoint, overlap, within, and intersect View
308 Delineate appropriate service areas for different types of facilities View
309 Delineate regions using properties, spatial relationships, and geospatial technologies View
310 Delineate three major steps toward solving the classic transportation problem as a linear program and use simplex methods to get the optimal solution. View
311 Demonstrate an understanding of models of participation (contractual projects, contributory projects, collaborative projects, co-created projects, collegial contributions) (Shirk et al., 2012). View
312 Demonstrate an understanding of the role of GIS&T in spatiotemporal forecasting and decision-making View
313 Demonstrate awareness of current advance in collecting, managing and analyzing spatio-temporal data View
314 Demonstrate ethical creativity by posing multiple possible solutions to an ethical challenge. Resist the temptation to reduce such challenges to simplistic dilemmas. View
315 Demonstrate familiarity with different web and server computer languages commonly used in Web GIS application development. View
316 Demonstrate familiarity with the application of classic spatial statistics in PySAL to a data set to conduct spatial analysis. View
317 Demonstrate familiarity with the current Python GIS Programming Stack. View
318 Demonstrate familiarity with the most common R packages to perform geospatial work. View
319 Demonstrate how a network is a connected set of edges and vertices View
320 Demonstrate how a topological structure can be represented in a relational database structure View
321 Demonstrate how adjacency and connectivity can be recorded in matrices View
322 Demonstrate how attributes of networks can be used to represent cost, time, distance, or many other measures View
323 Demonstrate how capacity is assigned to edges in a network using the appropriate data structure View
324 Demonstrate how changing the geometry of regions changes the data values (e.g., voting patterns before and after redistricting View
325 Demonstrate how different classification schemes produce very different maps from a single set of interval- or ratio-level data View
326 Demonstrate how different data structures works for spatial queries and spatial join. View
327 Demonstrate how different methods of data classification for a single dataset can produce maps that will be interpreted very differently by the user View
328 Demonstrate how search and relational join operations provide results for a typical GIS query and other simple operations using the relational DBMS within a GIS software application View
329 Demonstrate how semi-variograms react to spatial nonstationarity View
330 Demonstrate how spatial autocorrelation can be "removed" by resampling View
331 Demonstrate how the area of a region calculated from a raster data set will vary by resolution and orientation View
332 Demonstrate how the geometric operations of intersection and overlay can be implemented in GIS View
333 Demonstrate how the parameters of spatial auto-regressive models can be estimated using univariate and bivariate optimization algorithms for maximizing the likelihood function. View
334 Demonstrate how the star (or forward star) data structure, which is often employed when digitally storing network information, violates relational normal form, but allows for much faster search and retrieval in network databases View
335 Demonstrate how to access the GEE platform and how to pull in a dataset for analysis View
336 Demonstrate how to examine the CA research literature. View
337 Demonstrate how to model real-world transportation problems as linear programs. View
338 Demonstrate the ability to reason about an ethical challenge in the professional practice of GIS by methodically analyzing an ethics case study. View
339 Demonstrate the basic syntactic structure of SQL View
340 Demonstrate the georeferencing process with a digital historical map. View
341 Demonstrate the importance of iteratively evolving a given Enterprise GIS implementation over time. View
342 Demonstrate the key role of machine learning in Geospatial Data Science View
343 Demonstrate the key tasks of data modeling in LBS. View
344 Demonstrate the principles of spatial autocorrelation. View
345 Demonstrate the relationship between district size (resolution/support) and patterns in aggregate data View
346 Demonstrate the use of fractals as a technique to mitigate resolution effects View
347 Demonstrate understanding of a number of different types of shape surrogate by computing them for some simple examples and interpreting the results. View
348 Demonstrate understanding of moment-based approaches to shape by computing low-order moments for some simple examples. View
349 Demonstrate why the georegistration of datasets is critical to the success of any map overlay operation View
350 Derive values of slope and aspect from a contour map or from point elevation values. View
351 Describe a “bottom-up” simulation from an activity-perspective with changes in the locations and/or activities the individual person (and/or vehicle) in space and time, in the activity patterns and space-time trajectories created by these activity pattern View
352 Describe a common data workflow for UAS-collected aerial imagery. View
353 Describe a domain ontology or vocabulary (i.e., land use classification systems, surveyor codes, data dictionaries, place names, or benthic habitat classification system) View
354 Describe a Freeman-Huffman chain code View
355 Describe a hypothesis space that includes searches for optimality of solutions within that space View
356 Describe a real or hypothetical application of a sensor network in field data collection View
357 Describe a scenario in which possible errors in a map may impact subsequent decision making, such as a land use decision based on a soils map View
358 Describe a situation (real or hypothetical) where a geospatial model can illuminate an interaction or connection that could bring two distinct groups together. View
359 Describe a situation in which politics interferes with data sharing and exchange View
360 Describe a user need for the following interaction operators: panning, zooming, overview reexpression, filtering, detail retrieval, etc.  View
361 Describe a workflow for converting and implementing a data model in a GIS involving an Entity-Relationship (E-R) diagram and the Universal Modeling Language (UML) View
362 Describe advantages and disadvantages of "open" alternatives to copyright protection, such as the Creative Commons View
363 Describe alternatives to quadtrees for representing hierarchical tessellations (e.g., hextrees, rtrees, pyramids) View
364 Describe an application of hand-held computing or personal digital assistants (PDAs) for field data collection View
365 Describe an approach to address a particular JavaScript for GIS programming problem. View
366 Describe an example application of AI in geography. View
367 Describe an example of "local knowledge" that is unlikely to be represented in the geospatial data maintained routinely by government agencies View
368 Describe and differentiate between the components of a spatial query. View
369 Describe and discuss the role of visual programming in GIS View
370 Describe and explain the uncertainty related to demand abstraction in a facility location problem View
371 Describe approaches for addressing problems of scale and zoning, including data disaggregation, ecological inference, and multi-scale analysis. View
372 Describe artificial intelligence methods that may apply to GIS&T View
373 Describe at least one technique for visualizing distortion (e.g.,  Tissot's indicatrices, or continuous distortion surfaces) and use it to visualize distortion. View
374 Describe cases of liability claims associated with misuse of geospatial information, erroneous information, and loss of proprietary interests View
375 Describe cases where the output of a distance operation would be a polygon, line, raster surface, or numeric matrix. View
376 Describe categories, and specific methods, of bivariate and multivariate mapping. View
377 Describe characteristics of spatial data that affect spatial rule learning. View
378 Describe characteristics of streaming data and sources of streaming data View
379 Describe classes of geographic phenomena in terms of scales of measurement.  View
380 Describe common data types used in GIS applications View
381 Describe commonly used point pattern analysis (PPA) methods. View
382 Describe computational intelligence methods that may apply to GIS&T View
383 Describe contracts, licenses, and other mechanisms for sharing geospatial data View
384 Describe current techniques and research methods in recreation planning and management. View
385 Describe defenses against various claims of copyright infringement View
386 Describe different computational approaches to model spatiotemporal dynamics View
387 Describe different organizational models for coordinating GIS&T participants and stakeholders View
388 Describe different ways to measure direction quantitatively. View
389 Describe difficulties in dealing with large spatial databases, especially those arising from spatial heterogeneity. Describe some of the problems of large spatial datasets from social media. View
390 Describe emerging geocomputation techniques for geospatial big data. View
391 Describe epistemology in the context of geographic information science & technologies View
392 Describe established and emerging data sources and datasets of spatial data (demographic, economic, behavioral, biophysical) related to the study of tourism and recreation. View
393 Describe extensions to relational DBMS to represent temporal change in attributes View
394 Describe formal and informal arrangements that promote geospatial data sharing (e.g., FGDC, ESDI, memoranda of agreements, informal access arrangements, targeted funding support) View
395 Describe fuzzy aggregation operators View
396 Describe geographic phenomena in terms of their topological relationships in space and time to other phenomena View
397 Describe hardware architecture and software frameworks for GPU-enabled acceleration. View
398 Describe how a conceptual, logical and physical data models differ in regards to software implementation. View
399 Describe how a distance operation can produce a binary variable, an ordinal variable or a continuous variable. View
400 Describe how a domain ontology or vocabulary facilitates data sharing View
401 Describe how a map depicting spatiotemporal information reveals patterns not evident in map showing only spatial information. View
402 Describe how a physical data model differs from a logical data model in terms of software implementation.  View
403 Describe how a surface water drainage network can be modeled and extracted from a digital elevation model and represented as a set of digital polylines in a shapefile. View
404 Describe how a system management focus can ensure well balanced GIS capability development and effective operational practices View
405 Describe how a system model can be used to design, implement, operate, maintain, assess, and manage a GIS. View
406 Describe how a TOA system works via simulation and experiment. View
407 Describe how activity diagrams can supplement logical data models to further characterize logical data organization in a logical data model. View
408 Describe how all maps are produced within relations of power and knowledge. Describe how all maps also express specific relations of power and knowledge.  View
409 Describe how an application-centric logical data model differs from an enterprise-wide logical data model, and how logical data schema integration can support development of an enterprise-wide data model. View
410 Describe how an approach to map overlay analysis might be different if region boundaries were fuzzy rather than crisp View
411 Describe how big data, continuous data tracking and streaming, the Internet of things (IoT) and SoLoMo marketing have enhanced enterprise knowledge of current and potential customers. Explain how location analytics tools have contributed to these technolo View
412 Describe how calendar time, clock time, and world time is defined and measured View
413 Describe how geospatial data are used and maintained for land use planning, property value assessment, maintenance of public works, and other applications View
414 Describe how geospatial data are used and maintained for land use planning, property value assessment, maintenance of public works, and other applications View
415 Describe how GIS can assist in decision-making in a firm View
416 Describe how GIS gateways differ from other gateways View
417 Describe how inter-organization GIS portals may impact or influence issues related to social equity, privacy and data access View
418 Describe how libraries, museums, and archives develop opportunities for crowdsourcing and volunteered geographic information and how those projects/services help to shape public dialogue about GIS&T. View
419 Describe how linear functions are used to fuzzify input data (i.e., mapping domain values to linguistic variables) View
420 Describe how local interactions amongst individual agents can lead to emergent spatial patterns. View
421 Describe how maps such as topographic maps are produced within certain relations of power and knowledge View
422 Describe how marketing managers use marketing research, market segmentation and consumer profiling to identify and exploit market opportunities. Explain how location analytics resources support these analytical processes. View
423 Describe how measurements on the output of a model can be used to describe model behavior View
424 Describe how natural resource management is inherently spatial and benefits from the use of GIS. View
425 Describe how optimization methods involving Monte Carlo sampling of parameter space can be used to identify leverage points for policy intervention View
426 Describe how punctiform and continuous spatial data may be represented by exhaustively partitioning regions into sets of non-overlapping spatial units. View
427 Describe how resolution can affect study findings and interpretations in environmental health risk assessment View
428 Describe how spatial autocorrelation influences selection of sample size and sample statistics View
429 Describe how spatial objects are conceptualized in R. View
430 Describe how spatial weights are used to calculate measures of spatial autocorrelation. View
431 Describe how state GIS councils can be used in enterprise GIS&T implementation processes View
432 Describe how system design and management concepts can support effective GIS operation View
433 Describe how the Douglas-Peucker algorithm is used to simplify linear features. View
434 Describe how the law of crime concentration contributes to the need and utility of effective crime mapping. View
435 Describe how the power increase in desktop computing has expanded the analytic methods that can be used for GIS&T View
436 Describe how the role of the GIS professional in supporting enterprise marketing efforts has expanded.  Explain how the enabling technologies and location analytics resources described here have enabled that expansion. View
437 Describe how TINs are constructed and stored View
438 Describe how to articulate GIS design and operational needs to internal technical support staff View
439 Describe how to automate the calculation of derived data. View
440 Describe how to execute a successful UAS data capture mission. View
441 Describe how to involve the community in the GIS for ESJ process View
442 Describe how using crowd-sourcing geospatial digitization efforts can bolster international humanitarian efforts View
443 Describe how using standards can affect implementation of a GIS View
444 Describe how various parameters in an agent-based model can be modified to evaluate the range of behaviors possible with a model specification View
445 Describe how wetlands mapping is affected by spatial resolution of imagery. View
446 Describe how you could apply the scientific method to design an inquiry that investigates whether map readers can remember changes in where the highest rates of lung cancer are found over time by looking at an animated map or a set of small multiple maps. View
447 Describe important design considerations for the following map types: choropleth, proportional symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot density, dasymetric, cartogram, and flow. View
448 Describe issues that may hinder implementation and continued successful operation of a GIS if effective methods of staff development are not included in the process View
449 Describe key positioning technologies for outdoor and indoor environments. View
450 Describe Landsat data characteristics in terms of their spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions. View
451 Describe major methods to evaluate geo-semantic uncertainty. View
452 Describe major methods to evaluate positional and attribute uncertainty. View
453 Describe maps that can be used to find direction, distance, or position, plan routes, calculate area or volume, or describe shape View
454 Describe marginal populations and where they live. View
455 Describe methods for creating an intellectual and visual hierarchy in a map. View
456 Describe methods for layout (horizontal arrangement) of elements in a map. View
457 Describe methods used by organizations to facilitate data sharing View
458 Describe networks that apply to specific applications or industries View
459 Describe non-spatial software that can be used in geospatial applications, such as databases, Web services, and programming environments View
460 Describe or summarize the concepts and characteristics of mobile GIS. View
461 Describe organizationsâ' and governmentsâ' incentives to treat geospatial information as property View
462 Describe participatory research and participatory modeling. View
463 Describe particular events or processes in terms of identity, categories, attributes, and locations View
464 Describe possible benefits to an organization by participating in a given society that is related to GIS&T View
465 Describe potential biases in VGI. View
466 Describe potential types of uncertainty in a given geospatial dataset View
467 Describe practical examples of analysis with linear referencing View
468 Describe practical situations in which flow is conserved while splitting or joining at nodes of the network View
469 Describe project management tools and techniques to manage the design process  View
470 Describe real world applications where adjacency and connectivity are a critical component of analysis View
471 Describe related platforms (e.g., SQL, Hadoop, Apache Spark) that implement array data models. View
472 Describe research advances relevant to the use of GIS in epidemiology. View
473 Describe resources to learn PySAL and get involved in the PySAL community. View
474 Describe sampling schemes for accurately estimating the mean of a spatial data set View
475 Describe scenarios when distance operations are required for geographical analysis (creating policy, measuring distance decay, delineating service areas, and defining likelihoods of interaction). View
476 Describe set theory View
477 Describe simple encoding strategies for genetic algorithms. View
478 Describe some commonly used semi-variogram models View
479 Describe some main contributions of GIS to the classic transportation problem. View
480 Describe some methods of encouraging and sustaining engagement in Citizen Science projects using GIS&T (gamification, crowdsourcing initiatives, mapping parties, hackathons) View
481 Describe some non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation View
482 Describe some of the profiles created for the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) View
483 Describe sources of error in spatial data View
484 Describe SQL extensions for querying temporal change View
485 Describe stochastic error models View
486 Describe strategies for managing liability risk, including disclaimers and data quality standards View
487 Describe the “actor” role that entities and fields play in events and processes View
488 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the quadtree model for geographic database representation and modeling View
489 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model compared to other GIS data models. View
490 Describe the advantages and disadvantages to an organization in using GIS portal information from other organizations View
491 Describe the advantages and limitations of the different GIS&T tools. View
492 Describe the advantages of higher spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions. View
493 Describe the advantages of S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model. View
494 Describe the aims and scope of public policy and the influence of geography in policy formulation/implementation View
495 Describe the applications of grid operations and Map Algebra to GIS-based analyses. View
496 Describe the applications of visibility analysis. View
497 Describe the appropriate context for using simple rings, and identify the limitations and how issues like population density or income changes be accounted for. View
498 Describe the architecture of data models (both field and object based) to represent spatio-temporal phenomena View
499 Describe the barriers to information sharing View
500 Describe the baseline expectations that a particular map makes of its audience View
501 Describe the basic category of spatial index and name some common data structures of spatial databases. View
502 Describe the basic data format of a multispectral image in terms of pixels, rasters, and DN values. View
503 Describe the basic elements of the object-oriented paradigm, such as inheritance, encapsulation, methods, and composition View
504 Describe the basic operation of a CRT display. View
505 Describe the basic principles of randomness and probability View
506 Describe the basic spatial operations of array stores. View
507 Describe the basic types of conflation problems. View
508 Describe the basic types of geospatial big data. View
509 Describe the basic workflow for creating a map in ArcGIS Online, find or import data, style the map, perform analysis, and share the content. View
510 Describe the benefits and challenges of developing web GIS applications using different software technologies and system architectures. View
511 Describe the benefits of a MSDI. View
512 Describe the benefits of parallel programming View
513 Describe the benefits of S-57 vector charts (ENCs) to maritime navigation. View
514 Describe the benefits of spatially-explicit data and simulations in participatory research. View
515 Describe the benefits provided by the S-100 dependent standards. View
516 Describe the causes of at least five different types of errors (e.g., positional, attribute, temporal, logical inconsistency, and incompleteness) View
517 Describe the challenges of privacy in LBS. View
518 Describe the characteristics of big data and the differences between 'small' data and big data. View
519 Describe the characteristics of the "national grids" of countries other than the U.S. View
520 Describe the circumstances under which maps may be generalized View
521 Describe the codes of ethics for two organizations that certify GIS professionals (ASPRS and GISCI). View
522 Describe the common spatial join operations that are implemented in geospatial software. View
523 Describe the complementarity of virtue ethics and practical wisdom to codes of ethics and rules of conduct. View
524 Describe the complexity and uncertainty in neighborhood definition, incorporating the idea of no consensus definition to fit all contexts. View
525 Describe the components of the ESJ lifecycle View
526 Describe the computational strategies of Local, Focal, and Zonal Map Algebra functions. View
527 Describe the concept of a spectral band in the context of multispectral imagery. View
528 Describe the concept of volunteered geographic information (VGI). View
529 Describe the concepts and characteristics of cloud computing. View
530 Describe the conceptual foundations of cyberGIS View
531 Describe the conditions under which each of the commonly used semi-variograms models would be most appropriate View
532 Describe the contents of the MAF/TIGER system View
533 Describe the contributions of McHarg and other practitioners in developing geographic analysis methods later incorporated into GIS View
534 Describe the coordinates and coordinate systems that are used in GIS datasets. View
535 Describe the core concepts of responsive web design as they apply to cartography and visualization. View
536 Describe the curricular, research, and administrative roles that GIS plays in higher education. View
537 Describe the data programs provided by organizations such as The National Map, GeoSpatial One Stop, and National Integrated Land System View
538 Describe the difference between a location-allocation and a pure location problem. View
539 Describe the difference between classification and clustering. View
540 Describe the difference between political and statistical geography View
541 Describe the difference between prescriptive and descriptive cartographic models View
542 Describe the differences between azimuths, bearings, and other systems for indicating directions View
543 Describe the differences between oblique and vertical aerial photographs. View
544 Describe the differences between usability, utility, and user needs as applied to cartography and visualization. View
545 Describe the different purposes that cartograms serve in relation to other thematic mapping techniques.  View
546 Describe the different purposes that flow maps serve in relation to other thematic mapping techniques.  View
547 Describe the elements of a sense of place or landscape that are difficult or impossible to adequately represent in GIS View
548 Describe the elements of image interpretation View
549 Describe the enabling technologies that have accelerated the adoption of GIS in marketing and explain their impact. View
550 Describe the entity-relationship diagram approach to data modeling View
551 Describe the evaluation of acceleration performance of GPUs for general-purpose computation.  View
552 Describe the evolution of geovisual analytics as a sub-field in GIScience and its linkages to fields outside of Geography. View
553 Describe the evolution of street-level imagery platforms leading up to the typical set of features offered today. View
554 Describe the five elements of the Framework for citizen science projects (inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, impacts) (Shirk et al., 2012). View
555 Describe the following two key concepts in spatial statistics: spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity View
556 Describe the formulation of the classic gravity model, the unconstrained SI model, the production constrained SI model, the attraction constrained SI model, and the doubly-constrained SI model. View
557 Describe the four essential groups of people that are needed for a collaborative geodesign project. View
558 Describe the four FAIR design principles. View
559 Describe the four types of store models NoSQL databases. View
560 Describe the functions that gazetteers support View
561 Describe the fundamental analytic properties of geographic space and the kinds of errors and uncertainty associated with them View
562 Describe the fundamental components of a Linear Program View
563 Describe the fundamental difference between S-101 and S-57. View
564 Describe the fundamental differences between raster and vector structures. View
565 Describe the genealogy (as identity-based change or temporal relationships) of particular geographic phenomena View
566 Describe the general procedure of a genetic algorithm. View
567 Describe the general procedure of line-of-sight generation. View
568 Describe the general procedure of viewshed computation. View
569 Describe the general workflow of social media analytics for geospatial applications. View
570 Describe the geometric properties of the globe that may be distorted in the map projection process. View
571 Describe the georeferencing process including the techniques and transformations necessary for the use of historical maps View
572 Describe the history and current status of social media platforms. View
573 Describe the hypothetical use case application of an IVEs for a given domain (e.g., medicine, manufacturing , education, culture, and sports. View
574 Describe the implementation of an ordered weighting scheme in a multiple-criteria aggregation View
575 Describe the importance and challenges of capturing spatiotemporal dynamics in computational modeling View
576 Describe the importance of marine environment to the ecosystem and humanity. View
577 Describe the importance of the audience and the intention at the beginning of any project. View
578 Describe the importance of the business use case for configuring GIS infrastructure View
579 Describe the importance of the business use case for defining GIS operational practices View
580 Describe the influence of evolving computer hardware and of private sector hardware firms such as IBM on the emerging GIS software industry View
581 Describe the integrity constraints of integrated topological models (e.g., POLYVRT) View
582 Describe the issue of scale and zoning in different spatial partitioning schemes. View
583 Describe the iterative process of stakeholder engagement. View
584 Describe the leading academic journals serving the GIS&T community View
585 Describe the limitations of planar kernel density estimation methods for network point data View
586 Describe the limitations of various information stores for representing geographic information, including the mind, computers, graphics, and text View
587 Describe the main components in GDAL/OGR. View
588 Describe the main functions of geoportals. View
589 Describe the main pillars of MSDI. View
590 Describe the major approaches to the design of geospatial systems View
591 Describe the major components of a typical SDI. View
592 Describe the major geospatial software architectures available currently, including desktop GIS, server-based, Internet, and component-based custom applications View
593 Describe the major GPU programming paradigms. View
594 Describe the MapReduce implementation of the range query operation. View
595 Describe the mechanical and computerized technologies used by civilian and military mapping agencies between World War II and the advent of GIS View
596 Describe the methods for collaborating effectively with a variety of people in a design team  View
597 Describe the multi-dimensional model and the basic operations available for array data stores. View
598 Describe the nature of tort law generally and nuisance law specifically View
599 Describe the octahedral quarternary triangulated mesh georeferencing system proposed by Dutton View
600 Describe the opportunities that might be possible in land planning and design practices through deploying the geodesign process. View
601 Describe the origin, purpose and objectives of the U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure. View
602 Describe the particular advantages of Morton addressing relative to geographic data representation View
603 Describe the potential benefits of geospatial information in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and equity View
604 Describe the primary focus of the following content standards: FGDC, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, and ISO 19115 View
605 Describe the principles of open source geospatial software development. View
606 Describe the problem of conflation associated with aggregation of data collected at different times, from different sources, and to different scales and accuracy requirements View
607 Describe the problems associated with failure to follow the first and second normal forms (including data confusion, redundancy, and retrieval difficulties) View
608 Describe the process of accurately placing vector attribute information on an aerial photograph or a satellite image. View
609 Describe the purpose of a conceptual data model. View
610 Describe the purpose of a data model in terms of spatial data management system. View
611 Describe the purpose of a logical data model. View
612 Describe the purpose of a physical data model. View
613 Describe the purpose of a social network and what it can reveal about relationships.   View
614 Describe the range of spatial scales at which community organizations operate View
615 Describe the rationale for and against sharing data among organizations View
616 Describe the rationale for and development of device independence. View
617 Describe the relations among AI, machine learning, and deep learning. View
618 Describe the relationship between an application-centric conceptual data model and a enterprise-wide conceptual data model. View
619 Describe the relationship between factorial kriging and spatial filtering View
620 Describe the relationship between the GBF/DIME and TIGER structures, the rationale for their design, and their intended primary uses, paying particular attention to the role of graph theory in establishing the difference between GBF/DIME and TIGER files View
621 Describe the relationship between the semi-variogram and kriging View
622 Describe the relationship of Freeman-Huffman chain codes to the raster model View
623 Describe the relationships between semi-variograms and correlograms, and Moranâ's indices of spatial association View
624 Describe the role and function of the Federal Geographic Data Committee. View
625 Describe the role of Geographic Information Science and Technology within different disaster management phases. View
626 Describe the role of internships, professional certification, software certifications, and accreditation in relation to GIS&T positions and qualifications. View
627 Describe the role of NASA and the Landsat program in promoting development of digital image processing and raster GIS systems View
628 Describe the role of programming in GIScience. View
629 Describe the role of PySAL in GIS. View
630 Describe the role of standards in ensuring the quality of metadata. View
631 Describe the role of the IHO. View
632 Describe the roles and relationships of GIS&T support staff View
633 Describe the roles of APIs in distributed GIS applications View
634 Describe the roles that GIS and spatial analysis play in matters of ESJ View
635 Describe the science and math behind LiDAR technology. View
636 Describe the scope and importance of spatial decision-making in society View
637 Describe the service models of spatial cloud computing, as well as the goals and key functions of each service model. View
638 Describe the six "rungs" of increasing participation in governmental decision-making that constitute a "ladder" of public participation View
639 Describe the source data, instrumentation, and workflow involved in extracting vector data (features and elevations) from analog and digital stereoimagery View
640 Describe the SPOT satellites and discuss the varying sensors (what they do and their resolution) on each of the SPOT satellites. View
641 Describe the stages of maturity of GIS in an organization View
642 Describe the stages of two different models of implementing a GIS within an organization View
643 Describe the statistical characteristics of a set of spatial data using a variety of graphs and plots (including scatterplots, histograms, boxplots, q–q plots) View
644 Describe the statistical limitations of large spatial databases. View
645 Describe the steps necessary for conducting a needs' assessment View
646 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of different management practices and GIS program governance through the lens of Organization Models View
647 Describe the techniques (e.g., text preprocessing and NLP) that can help computers analyze, understand, and derive meaning from human language. View
648 Describe the technological enablements and constraints that make mobile a unique design context for cartography and visualization. View
649 Describe the three primary applications of GIS&T for archaeology View
650 Describe the two basic approaches used to solve location-allocation models. View
651 Describe the U.S. geospatial industry including vendors, software, hardware and data View
652 Describe the use of GIS from a political ecology point of view (e.g., consider the use of GIS for resource identification, conservation, and allocation by an NGO in Sub-Saharan Africa) View
653 Describe the utility of computational notebooks in modern GIS analytics. View
654 Describe the value-adding points of Enterprise GIS in an organizational setting. View
655 Describe the variables used in the symbolization of map data for visual, tactile, haptic, auditory, and dynamic displays.  View
656 Describe the visual variables and symbol dimensionalities used by the following map types: choropleth, proportional symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot density, dasymetric, cartogram, and flow. View
657 Describe the ways in which computing and hardware advances have affected the processes of geospatial data capture overall. View
658 Describe the ways in which the elements of culture (e.g., language, religion, education, traditions) may influence the understanding and use of geographic information View
659 Describe three applications of geospatial technology for different workforce domains (e.g., first responders, forestry, water resource management, facilities management) View
660 Describe traditional and big data sources of spatial information about cities, and describe their strengths and weaknesses. View
661 Describe traditional and emerging use cases for interactivity in cartography and visualization (e.g., exploration, analytics, presentation).  View
662 Describe two means of visualizing LiDAR. View
663 Describe two predominant GIS data models and how their attributes differ View
664 Describe two ways of using GDAL/OGR. View
665 Describe useful skills students should learn in higher education that would translate well to a career in local government GIS. View
666 Describe valid approaches for mitigating the problems associated with making comparisons of Census data over geographies and over time View
667 Describe ways in which a geographic entity can be created from one or more others View
668 Describe ways in which the shape of a geographical entity can affect other characteristics of that entity. View
669 Describe ways that members of the GIS&T community can use their skills to improve conditions for communities in need. View
670 Describe ways to protect location privacy. View
671 Describe what a cellular automaton is and what its key components are. View
672 Describe what a GIS project is and the context for projects to support and contribute to an organization's mission and business needs. View
673 Describe what GDAL/OGR is and what it can do with geospatial data. View
674 Describe what is meant by the life cycle of a project and how process groups are used to support project success. View
675 Describe what nodes and edges represent, and the variables that can be ascribed to each. View
676 Describe what public health issues GIS have been applied to. View
677 Describe what types of information may be extracted and annotated from semi-structured and unstructured sources. View
678 Describe where you already know that set theory is used in existing GIS software View
679 Describe why “distance editing” can be used to solve location problems related to the p-median problem.    View
680 Describe why surveying plays a central role in free markets. View
681 Describe why the following condition will hold when solving the WLP:   View
682 Design a flow map to suit particular needs. View
683 Design a map taking into account the range of factors that should be considered in selecting colors. View
684 Design a map that combines three or more vector data sources. View
685 Design a map with symbols that appropriately represent a given dataset and produces an effective visual hierarchy.  View
686 Design a range of cartograms to suit particular needs. View
687 Design a responsive web map that works on both mobile and non-mobile devices. View
688 Design a sampling scheme that will help detect when space-time clusters of events occur View
689 Design a stylized terrain map from a digital elevation model (DEM). View
690 Design a system for creating a given target spatial data layer, including end user needs assessment, geographic and attribute data characteristic and accuracy specifications, collection, quality control, and processing protocols, workflows, accuracy asses View
691 Design a testing protocol to evaluate the usability of a simple graphical user interface View
692 Design a thematic map that uses a map projection appropriate to the theme and map purpose. View
693 Design an algorithm that calculates slope and aspect from a triangulated irregular network (TIN) model View
694 Design an interactive map suitable for a given set of user needs.  View
695 Design and implement a geovisual analytics system using a user-centered design approach. View
696 Design and implement a series of evaluations to (iteratively) evaluate the usability of (geospatial) products. View
697 Design effective and concise legends for bivariate and multivariate maps. View
698 Design symbols that appropriately relate spatial dimension of mapped features to the level of measurement of the attribute information being mapped.   View
699 Design the same map for CMYK publication in a book and RGB presentation on a high-DPI mobile device. View
700 Design uncertainty representations for different types of uncertainty, spatial dimensions, and user tasks View
701 Design, construct, and publish an interactive web map.  View
702 Determine a web map's intended purpose and assess its use of visual hierarchy and interaction based on that purpose. View
703 Determine feature counts of point, line, and area features on maps View
704 Determine if a use case is appropriate for scaling in the GEE View
705 Determine if your state has a Geospatial Information Office (GIO) and discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of a GIO View
706 Determine minimum homogeneous ground area for a particular application View
707 Determine the degree of similarity between shapes using a number of standard measures. View
708 Determine the minimum number and distribution of point samples for a given study area and a View
709 Determine whether it is important to represent the genealogy of entities for a particular application View
710 Determine which method to use to combine criteria (e.g., linear, multiplication) View
711 Determine which methods you can use in a mixed method setting to derive user needs and characteristics for an interactive mapping project. View
712 Develop (Sketch) a conceptual data model using an entity-relationship diagram. View
713 Develop a bibliography of scholarly and professional articles and/or books that are relevant to a particular GIS&T project View
714 Develop a flowchart of a cartographic model for a site suitability problem View
715 Develop a physical data model diagram. View
716 Develop a strategy to assess the performance of spatial recognition methods. View
717 Develop a visualization for the exploration and analysis of big data View
718 Develop awareness around exploitative and extractive mapping practices View
719 Develop awareness around the various applications of TINs in research View
720 Develop awareness of privacy and security, data license, and copyright related to VGI. View
721 Develop methods for representing non-cartesian models of space in GIS View
722 Develop recommendations and practical solutions to help bridge the gap between ocean science/management and GIS, including increase integration of ocean data and improved analytical tools View
723 Develop the basics of a logical data model diagram. View
724 Devise simple ways to represent probability information in GIS View
725 Differentiate "contracts for service" from "contracts of service" View
726 Differentiate among contract liability, tort liability, and statutory liability View
727 Differentiate among different types of regions, including functional, cultural, physical, administrative, and others View
728 Differentiate among elements of the meaning of a place that can or cannot be easily represented using geospatial technologies View
729 Differentiate among the various raster map outputs (JPEG, GIF, TIFF) and various vector formats (PDF, SVG) on image quality and file size at high and low resolutions. View
730 Differentiate among universal/deliberative, pluralist/representative, and participatory models of citizen participation in governing View
731 Differentiate applications that can make use of common-sense principles of geography from those that should not View
732 Differentiate between 21/2-D representations and true 3-D models View
733 Differentiate between a content standard and a profile View
734 Differentiate between a controlled vocabulary and an ontology View
735 Differentiate between a data warehouse and a database View
736 Differentiate between a data warehouse and a federated database in support of applications for an enterprise-wide database environment.  View
737 Differentiate between a table and spatial joins. View
738 Differentiate between absolute and relative descriptions of location View
739 Differentiate between across track (or whisk broom) and along track (or push broom) sensors. View
740 Differentiate between array-store, column-store, and row-store databases. View
741 Differentiate between common-sense, Cartesian/metric, relational, relativistic, phenomenological, social constructivist, and other theories of the nature of space View
742 Differentiate between contributing factors and constraints in a multi-criteria application View
743 Differentiate between drive-time rings and network partitions, including their utility for retail settings. .  View
744 Differentiate between images acquired by digital cameras and scanning instruments. View
745 Differentiate between model generalization and cartographic generalization. View
746 Differentiate between model-based and design-based sampling schemes View
747 Differentiate between object-oriented programming and object-oriented databases View
748 Differentiate between panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. View
749 Differentiate between phenomenological and mathematical theories of the nature of time View
750 Differentiate between some of the key uses of natural language processing in geography and GIScience.  View
751 Differentiate between space and place View
752 Differentiate between the components of a font: typeface, weight, compression, and posture. View
753 Differentiate between the general approaches to carrying out spatial queries and identify the most suitable approach(es) in a specific situation. View
754 Differentiate between the Landsat missions, and discuss the varying sensors (what they do and their resolution) on each of the Landsat satellites. View
755 Differentiate between the MapReduce programming paradigm and the MapReduce framework. View
756 Differentiate between the various ways of representing continuous surfaces View
757 Differentiate between the words style and aesthetic. View
758 Differentiate decision problems by their complexity, scope, nature of decision-makers, and spatiality View
759 Differentiate four stages of a problem-based lesson;  View
760 Differentiate geospatial information from other works protected under copyright law View
761 Differentiate logical data model approaches. View
762 Differentiate memory models used in parallel programming View
763 Differentiate physical data models based on their logical data model approaches.  View
764 Differentiate rectification and orthorectification View
765 Differentiate social and physical spatial variables for risk, vulnerability, and resilience spatial modeling and indexing. View
766 Differentiate text-based search and map-based search. View
767 Differentiate the characteristics and uses of the UTM coordinate system from the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) and the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) View
768 Differentiate the dominant industries using geospatial technologies during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s View
769 Differentiate the function of domain and attribute tables View
770 Differentiate the retrieval mechanisms of data warehouses and databases View
771 Differentiate the two types of temporal information to be modeled in databases: database (or transaction) time and valid (or world) time View
772 Differentiate the uses of GIS&T in agriculture a smallholder/developing world setting, versus large-scale agriculture in high income countries. View
773 Differentiate types of distance (Euclidean, Manhattan, Network, Great Circle Distance) and describe which should be used for point-to-point measurement in different case studies involving travel, animal movement, urban applications and areal diffusion). View
774 Differentiate various sources of fields, such as substance properties (e.g., temperature), artificial constructs (e.g., population density), and fields of potential or influence (e.g., gravity) View
775 Digitize features from high-resolution (sub-meter or better) digital color infrared aerial images, and identify the regionally important stand types and non-forest vegetation and landcover types.  Apply basic and intermediate vector editing techniques, in View
776 Discuss a major challenge during one stage of the technology transfer process. View
777 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of six models of GIS availability, including communitybased GIS, university-community partnerships, GIS facilities in universities and public libraries, "Map rooms," Internet map servers, and neighborhood GIS centers. View
778 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of various data classification methods for choropleth mapping, including equal interval, quantiles, mean-standard deviation, natural breaks, and “optimal” methods View
779 Discuss and apply the crucial task of segmentation in Computational Movement Analysis, especially for separating stops from moves. View
780 Discuss common geovisualization methods (e.g., graphs and maps) and tools for mapping and visualizing different components of the social media data (e.g., geo-tags, temporal information, and users). View
781 Discuss common software tools for building GIS applications View
782 Discuss different types of Citizen Science activities (passive sensing, volunteer computing, volunteer thinking, environmental and ecological observation, participatory sensing, community/civic science) and potential motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic m View
783 Discuss different ways of simulating space and visualizing model behavior View
784 Discuss feature and coverage models in terms of absolute versus relative notions of space View
785 Discuss fundamental in using thread-based parallelism to harness massively parallel computing power in GPUs. View
786 Discuss future prospects for automated feature extraction from aerial imagery View
787 Discuss generalization as it relates to cartographic maps and spatial databases View
788 Discuss how a conceptual data model characterizes information requirements for an application. View
789 Discuss how CA evolved through its development in mathematics, computer science, and geography. View
790 Discuss how distributed GIS&T may affect the nature of organizations and relationships among institutions View
791 Discuss how geo-analytical tools can be used during the issues-analysis phase View
792 Discuss how GIS and related digital geospatial technologies have influenced the workflows of a real estate appraiser. View
793 Discuss how informal and formal regional bodies (e.g., Metro GIS) can help support GIS&T in an organization View
794 Discuss how measures of spatial autocorrelation may be used to characterize non-stationary spatial variation for thematic accuracy   View
795 Discuss how Moran's I and Geary's C are used to measure spatial patterns. View
796 Discuss how spatial data, GPS-enabled devices such as smartphones, the Internet of Things (geolocated objects that provide their location), and the Software as a Service (SaaS) GIS model have combined to bring society to its current high concern about loc View
797 Discuss how the choices used in the design of a road map will influence the experience visitors may have of the area View
798 Discuss important concepts related to spatiotemporal dynamics in computational modeling View
799 Discuss issues and research challenges in epidemiologic studies using GIS. View
800 Discuss possible improvements to GDAL/OGR and other IO libraries. View
801 Discuss possible methods to evaluate uncertainty of crowd-sourced geographic data. View
802 Discuss potential legal problems associated with licensing geospatial information View
803 Discuss societal benefits and potential societal harm from the use of individuals' location information. View
804 Discuss some of the difficulties of applying the standard process-pattern concept to lines and networks View
805 Discuss some positive (increased interest in science, innovations in GIS&T) and negative aspects (digital divide issues, purposeful misinformation) that may affect people when using GIS&T in Citizen Science projects View
806 Discuss spatial/spatiotemporal analysis and data mining algorithms and methods that can be used to reveal meaningful information and patterns from social media data. View
807 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different data structures (e.g., arrays, linked lists, binary trees, hash tables, indexes) for retrieving geospatial data View
808 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of POLYVRT View
809 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of cartesian/metric space as a basis for GIS and related technologies View
810 Discuss the advantages of cloud-based vs. desktop-based geospatial analysis View
811 Discuss the advantages of hierarchical coordinates relative to geographic and plane coordinate systems View
812 Discuss the advantages that satellite geodesy plays in geometric datums. View
813 Discuss the application of genetic algorithms in solving spatial problems. View
814 Discuss the application of landscape metrics to elucidate the reciprocal nature of spatial patterns and ecological processes.   View
815 Discuss the applications of visibility analysis in solving geographical problems. View
816 Discuss the appropriate use of a data warehouse versus a database View
817 Discuss the benefits (greater participation rates, increased external validity, decreased loss of follow-up, increased individual and community capacity) and drawbacks (selection bias, decreased randomization, unrepresentative groups) for community involv View
818 Discuss the benefits of using different types of orbits for different types of tasks. View
819 Discuss the changing workflows that federal agencies have made in their data capture and production workflows. View
820 Discuss the common techniques for building spatial models View
821 Discuss the concept of Census geographies, demography, and the origins of market segmentation, and the role that plays in retail GIS. View
822 Discuss the consequences of increasing and decreasing resolution View
823 Discuss the contributions of early academic centers of GIS&T research and development (e.g., Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, UK Experimental Cartography Unit) View
824 Discuss the contributions that different perspectives on the nature of space bring to an understanding of geographic phenomenon View
825 Discuss the differences between cloud computing and spatial cloud computing. View
826 Discuss the differences between the three types of vertical datums: tidal, geodetic, and ellipsoidal. View
827 Discuss the different generalization techniques for point, line and polygon data View
828 Discuss the different uses of satellite remote sensing. View
829 Discuss the difficulty of integrating process models into GIS software based on the entity and field views, and methods used to do so View
830 Discuss the effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures View
831 Discuss the efficiency and costs of normalization View
832 Discuss the emergence of the GIS software industry in terms of technology evolution and markets served by firms such as ESRI, Intergraph, and ERDAS View
833 Discuss the epistemological and ontological barriers to the use of GIS&T in the humanities, and possible solutions View
834 Discuss the evolution of GIS knowledge work in an age of increasingly capable machines. View
835 Discuss the extent to which vector data extraction from aerial stereoimagery has been automated View
836 Discuss the factors which influence site selection, such as available land or AADT's (Annual Average Daily Trips). View
837 Discuss the file and database systems (e.g., NoSQL databases) can be leveraged to manage and manipulate social media data. View
838 Discuss the functions of the stages in the rendering pipeline View
839 Discuss the historical roots of the Census Bureauâ's creation of GBF/DIME as the foundation for the development of topological data structures View
840 Discuss the history of aerial imagery. View
841 Discuss the imbalances/mismatches between benefits and impacts of recreation and tourism across space and time. View
842 Discuss the impact of early prototype data models (e.g., POLYVRT and GBF/DIME) on contemporary vector formats View
843 Discuss the impact that mapping on the Web via applications such as Google Earth have had on the practice of cartography View
844 Discuss the impact that new geospatial technologies plays in international conflict View
845 Discuss the implications of geographic data availability in epidemiology. View
846 Discuss the implications of stochastic model assumptions for the design of simulation experiments View
847 Discuss the importance and implications of the classic spatial data quality concepts precision, accuracy, and vagueness for the movement analysis process. View
848 Discuss the importance of GIS in epidemiology. View
849 Discuss the importance of scale, including grain and extent, in the context of landscape ecology research. View
850 Discuss the importance that a horizontal datum plays in mapping. View
851 Discuss the importance that a vertical datum plays in mapping. View
852 Discuss the limitations of current technological approaches to generalization for mapping purposes. View
853 Discuss the limitations of solving Linear Programs in the context of Geographic Information Systems View
854 Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with SPC coordinates View
855 Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with UTM coordinates View
856 Discuss the meanings and relationships of “virtual” and “augmented” environments as it relates to virtual reality. View
857 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of GeoSpatial One Stop View
858 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of governmental entities such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as they related to support of professio View
859 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of international organizations such as Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe (AGILE) and the European GIS Education Seminar (EUGISES) View
860 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC) View
861 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) View
862 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Nation Integrated Land System (NILS) View
863 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the National Academies of Science Mapping Science Committee View
864 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Inc. View
865 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the USGS and its National Map vision View
866 Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) and the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) View
867 Discuss the motivation of the data-borrowing technique in (M)GWR and apply the model when considered appropriate View
868 Discuss the opportunities and challenges of using social media data in GIS&T research. View
869 Discuss the origins of cartographic modeling with reference to the work of Ian McHarg View
870 Discuss the perceptual basis for color.•Understand: Select colors appropriate for map readers with color limitations. View
871 Discuss the political, cultural, economic, and geographic characteristics of various countries that influence their adoption and use of GIS&T View
872 Discuss the potential pitfalls of using regions to aggregate geographic information (e.g., census data) Know the definition and origins of the term gerrymandering. View
873 Discuss the potential role of agency (individual action) in resisting dominant practices and in using GIS&T in ways that are consistent with feminist epistemologies and politics View
874 Discuss the precursors to the spatial turn in the humanities, and specifically the ideas of chronotope and geohistoire, and Hägerstrand's time-geography View
875 Discuss the primary differences between mapping quantitative and qualitative data. View
876 Discuss the production, maintenance, and use of geospatial data by a government agency or private firm from the perspectives of a taxpayer, a community organization, and a member of a minority group View
877 Discuss the quality dimensions which are sacrificed when maps and spatial databases are generalized. View
878 Discuss the rationale and process for professional associations to collaborate. View
879 Discuss the relationship between managing GIS infrastructure and GIS operations View
880 Discuss the relationship of GPS to the Global Satellite Navigation System View
881 Discuss the relative merits of bivariate and multivariate cartography for their topic and audience. View
882 Discuss the role of academic programs in GIS&T including certificates and degree programs. View
883 Discuss the role of GPS in location-based services (LBS) View
884 Discuss the role of graph theory in topological structures View
885 Discuss the role of metadata in facilitating conversation of data models and data structures between systems View
886 Discuss the role of the U.S. Census Bureau in contributing to the development of the U.S. geospatial industry View
887 Discuss the role of the U.S. Geological Survey in contributing to the development of the U.S. geospatial industry View
888 Discuss the role of time as present, past and future in GIS&T View
889 Discuss the role that “knowledge brokers” have in facilitating the use of GIS&T in agriculture. View
890 Discuss the strength and weaknesses of various GIS application modalities View
891 Discuss the types of location privacy. View
892 Discuss the types of problems encountered in GIS and its related disciplines that could benefit most from GPU computing View
893 Discuss the types of spatial problems that can be accelerated using GPUs. View
894 Discuss the types of VGI. View
895 Discuss the use limitations of the USGS map accuracy standards for a range of projects demanding different levels of precision (e.g., driving directions vs. excavation planning) View
896 Discuss the use of GIS-enabled dashboards for ESJ View
897 Discuss the utility of generating synthetic datasets from simulation experiments to make inferences about system behavior  View
898 Discuss the value or effect of participation in societies, conferences, and informal communities to entities managing enterprise GIS View
899 Discuss the way that a legal regime balances the need for security of geospatial data with the desire for open access View
900 Discuss ways in which copyright infringements may be remedied View
901 Discuss ways in which the geospatial profession is regulated under the U.S. legal regime View
902 Discuss ways of handling potential data quality issues associated with data collected through GIS&T on Citizen Science projects (moderation, checking data) and the value of collected data (increased awareness and support, scales of possible data collectio View
903 Discuss why movement should be analyzed in its geographic context. Conceptualize and sketch computational approaches for relating movement data to geographic context data, considering different conceptual models for the movement and the movement spaces. View
904 Discuss why the crux of human geographers' objections to the role and presence of GIS in geography were epistemological in substance. View
905 Discuss why trust in GIS data and analysis is important for ESJ View
906 Distinguish among the various intellectual property rights, including copyright, patent, trademark, business methods, and other rights View
907 Distinguish between a core concept in troublesome knowledge, and a peripheral concept. View
908 Distinguish between an optimal and a heuristic approach to solving linear programs View
909 Distinguish between and give examples of (1) B2B and B2C GIS applications and (2) horizontal and vertical GIS applications. View
910 Distinguish between balanced and unbalanced problems, and explain why, if supply equals demand, there will always be a feasible solution. View
911 Distinguish between geographic profiling and repeat/near repeat analysis View
912 Distinguish between GIS, LIS, and CAD/CAM in the context of land records management View
913 Distinguish between horizontal and vertical accuracies when using coarse acquisition codes/standard positioning service (C-codes) and precision acquisition codes/precise positioning service (P-codes) View
914 Distinguish between operational, organizational, and societal activities that rely upon geospatial information View
915 Distinguish between patch-mosaic models and gradient surface models of landscapes View
916 Distinguish between the different forms of error and uncertainty View
917 Distinguish between the traditional procedural programming and the MapReduce programming paradigm. View
918 Distinguish between topological fidelity and geometric accuracy in the context of a plat map View
919 Distinguish between use cases and conceptual data models; describe how they can work together. View
920 Distinguish normative ethics from critical ethics. View
921 Distinguish the kind of relationship being measured (such as interaction or similarity) in analyses of distance decay View
922 Distinguish the main differences between the mainframe and minicomputer epochs of GIST. View
923 Distinguish the terms "object", "feature", and "entity". View
924 Draw connections between location privacy and GIS&T. View
925 Effectively communicate the design, procedures, and results of GIS projects to non-GIS audiences (clients, managers, general public) View
926 Efficiently query distributed databases using spatial and a-spatial strategies View
927 Enumerate past, contemporaty, and still-to-be-researched properties of spatial autocorrelation. View
928 Evaluate a completed map identifying each of the “Planning” phases and how effectively the goals were achieved. View
929 Evaluate a mobile map by emerging mobile-first representation and interaction design conventions. View
930 Evaluate an interactive map design by UI/UX design recommendations (e.g., affordances/feedback, interface complexity, interface styles, design heuristics).  View
931 Evaluate and apply critical thinking to spatiotemporal problems View
932 Evaluate how visualization may be employed to generate new knowledge from a (big) dataset View
933 Evaluate methods used by contemporary GIS software to resample raster data on-the-fly during display View
934 Evaluate similarities and differences between government, industry, and academic definitions of Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) View
935 Evaluate software options that meet functionality needs for a given task or enterprise View
936 Evaluate spatial data processing workflows to verify each meets the specific information needs common in forest resource management. View
937 Evaluate specific Geographic Information Science and Technology techniques for disaster recovery such as networking and routing for restoring critical infrastructure and community redevelopment. View
938 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of existing space-time models based on storage efficiency, query performance, ease of data entry, and ability to implement in existing software View
939 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of object-oriented databases compared to relational databases, focusing on representational power, data entry, storage efficiency, and query performance View
940 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetric methods and LiDAR for production of terrain elevation data View
941 Evaluate the advantages and limitations of various technological approaches to mapping View
942 Evaluate the appropriateness of different metrics for analysis goals and data models View
943 Evaluate the assertion that “events and processes are the same thing, but viewed at different temporal scales” View
944 Evaluate the correspondence between advances in hardware and operating system technology and changes in GIS software View
945 Evaluate the degree to which the object-oriented paradigm does or does not approximate cognitive structures View
946 Evaluate the difference in accuracy requirements for deeds systems versus registration systems View
947 Evaluate the differences in how various parties think or feel differently about a place being modeled View
948 Evaluate the effectiveness of a map for its audience and purpose View
949 Evaluate the effectiveness of a map's symbology based on the underlying nature of the data and the visual variables used to represent those data.  View
950 Evaluate the field viewâ's description of "objects" as conceptual discretizations of continuous patterns View
951 Evaluate the impact of geospatial technologies (e.g., Google Earth) that allow non-geospatial professionals to create, distribute, and map geographic information View
952 Evaluate the influences of particular worldviews (including one's own) on GIS practices View
953 Evaluate the influences of political actions, especially the allocation of territory, on human perceptions of space and place View
954 Evaluate the influences of political ideologies (e.g., Marxism, Capitalism, conservative/liberal) on the understanding of geographic information View
955 Evaluate the positive and negative impacts of the shift from integrated topological models View
956 Evaluate the role that the Quantitative Revolution in geography played in the development of GIS&T View
957 Evaluate the roles of different international geospatial organizations in global mapping efforts View
958 Evaluate the suitability of reference sources for calibration and validation of georeferencing models View
959 Evaluate the uncertainty inherent in a map View
960 Evaluate the usability of an interactive map or visualization according to how the representation and interface features support user stated needs. View
961 Evaluate uncertainty representation techniques by their suitability for representing different types of uncertainty (e.g., intrinsic vs. extrinsic, adjacent vs. coincident, static vs. dynamic) View
962 Evaluate whether directional operations are needed and in what types. View
963 Examine how location relates to customer behavior, and how this might differ in an urban versus a suburban or rural setting. View
964 Examine sources of error in landscape ecology analysis stemming from classification errors, uncertainty, classification schemas, and source resolution. View
965 Examine various application fields and investigate the potentials of LBS. View
966 Exemplify and compare deed descriptions in terms of how accurately they convey the geometry of a parcel View
967 Exemplify applications in which overlay is useful, such as site suitability analysis View
968 Exemplify how the power increase in desktop computing has expanded the analytic methods that can be used for GIS&T View
969 Exemplify how to make GIS&T relevant to top management View
970 Exemplify maps that illustrate the provocative, propagandistic, political, and persuasive nature of maps and geospatial data View
971 Exemplify one use of fuzzy aggregation operators View
972 Exemplify ordinal, linear, cyclical frames of reference and the temporal relationships View
973 Exemplify regions found at different scales View
974 Exemplify stochastic error models used in GIScience View
975 Exemplify the concept of planar enforcement (e.g., TIN triangles) View
976 Exemplify the potential for machine learning to expand performance of specialized geospatial analysis functions View
977 Exemplify the uses (past and potential) of the hexagonal model View
978 Expand the reach of scientific ocean data to broader user communities, such as for decision support, coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP; including the science of CMSP) View
979 Experiment with existing tools for semantic-based extraction and annotation View
980 Experiment with tools and packages to undertake areal interpolation View
981 Explain "selective availability," why it was discontinued in 2000, and what alternatives are available to the U.S. Department of Defense View
982 Explain about why aerial photographs are orthorectified. View
983 Explain absolute versus relative conceptualizations of space View
984 Explain and apply basic trajectory operations. Discuss and apply the crucial task of segmentation in Computational Movement Analysis, especially for separating stops from moves. Explain at least three different trajectory similarity measures in thei View
985 Explain and describe the common areas of research at the intersection of GIS&T and Civil Engineering. View
986 Explain and justify why satellite imagery can be vitally important in certain industries View
987 Explain and respond to the assertion that "capturing local knowledge" can be exploitative View
988 Explain at least one method to solve the TOA localization problem. View
989 Explain at least three different trajectory similarity measures in their own words and by drawing simple sketches. Assess the suitability of different trajectory similarity measures for different types of given movement data. View
990 Explain client-server network architecture. View
991 Explain connections between surveying and GIS.  View
992 Explain different ontological approaches to representing spatial data, with a focus on the geographic information retained, or lost, by differing representations View
993 Explain different types of mobile GIS. View
994 Explain distinctions between GIS and Computational Geography approaches to data collection, retention and analysis View
995 Explain efficient computation and the role of algorithms research. View
996 Explain geospatial tools and technology used for participatory and collaborative mapping. View
997 Explain how 3-D models can be extended to additional dimensions View
998 Explain how a frame buffer works. View
999 Explain how a graph (network) may be directed or undirected View
1000 Explain how a graph can be written as an adjacency matrix and how this can be used to calculate topological shortest paths in the graph View
1001 Explain how a minimum bounding rectangle is utilized to optimize spatial join operations. View
1002 Explain how a social network might interact with the built environment. View
1003 Explain how a storage tube display works. View
1004 Explain how a tax assessor's office adoption of GIS&T may affect power relations within a community View
1005 Explain how a terrain surface can be divided into a hierarchy of watershed features related to the surface water drainage network. View
1006 Explain how a tiled map mashup is created. View
1007 Explain how a variogram depicts a global assessment of spatial association. View
1008 Explain how an expanded ERD can be used to conceptualize relationships and inform how spatial joins can be implemented. View
1009 Explain how and why to use Gantt and PERT charts to track scheduling and progress View
1010 Explain how block-kriging and its variants can be used to combine data sets with different spatial resolution (support) View
1011 Explain how buffers can be generated based on the concept of movement cost. View
1012 Explain how community organizations represent the interests of citizens, politicians, and planners View
1013 Explain how community organizationsâ' use of geospatial technologies can alter existing community power relations View
1014 Explain how cost-benefit analyses can be manipulated View
1015 Explain how databases may be protected under U.S. copyright law View
1016 Explain how density estimation transforms point data or line data into a field representation View
1017 Explain how different metrics reveal the 'importance' of nodes or edges in a social network. View
1018 Explain how dissolving clusters of blocks with similar values may resolve the spatial correlation problem View
1019 Explain how distance decay may use more notions of "separation" that are relevant in geographic analysis, including travel costs, perceived distance, or socio-economic distance. View
1020 Explain how Drive-Time Rings account for physical barriers and the relative importance of road speeds.  View
1021 Explain how dynamic, chaotic, complex, or unpredictable aspects in some phenomena make parameterized SI models more appropriate than simpler gravity-type SI models. View
1022 Explain how emerging technologies in related fields (e.g., the stereoplotter, aerial and satellite imagery, GPS and LiDAR, the World Wide Web, immersive and virtual environments) have advanced cartography and visualization methods View
1023 Explain how entity-relationship diagrams are translated into relational tables View
1024 Explain how environmental factors influence remote sensing tools. View
1025 Explain how estimating spatially varying processes in regression models accommodates spatial process heterogeneity View
1026 Explain how Foucault's power-knowledge informs critical ethics. View
1027 Explain how Geographic Information Science and Technology can be applied for real-time data processing and damage assessment tasks during a disaster response. View
1028 Explain how Geographic Information Science and Technology is used by disaster management organizations and policy mechanisms. View
1029 Explain how geographically weighted regression provides local variability in the regression analysis. View
1030 Explain how geospatial information might be used in a taking of private property through a government's claim of its right of eminent domain View
1031 Explain how geospatial information might be used in a taking of private property through a government's claim of its right of eminent domain View
1032 Explain how geospatial technologies can assist community organizations at each rung of the ladder of public participation View
1033 Explain how geostatistical techniques might be used to address such problems View
1034 Explain how GIS concepts can be used to develop place-based public policy. View
1035 Explain how GIS concepts can be used to implement and monitor place-based public policy. View
1036 Explain how GIS educational has mirrored advances in computing and digital technologies, and the role of the Internet. View
1037 Explain how GIS has been used in exposure assessment and exposure modeling. View
1038 Explain how GIS makes local governments more efficient. View
1039 Explain how GPS on Benchmark data is the “link” that ties a hybrid geoid model to an orthometric datum. View
1040 Explain how GPS receivers calculate coordinate data View
1041 Explain how graph properties differ from relational table properties View
1042 Explain how hot spot mapping is used to visual crime patterns. View
1043 Explain how landscape analysis is found across many natural resource management applications. View
1044 Explain how learning assessments reveal meaningful learning outcomes from a lesson; View
1045 Explain how legal issues impact the design and content of such special purpose maps as subdivision plans, nautical charts, and cadastral maps View
1046 Explain how legislation such as the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 provides leverage to community organizations View
1047 Explain how line printers were used to produce gray-tone maps. View
1048 Explain how MacEachrenâ's Cartography-cubed (C3) concept can be used to understand the evolving role of cartography and visualization View
1049 Explain how map accuracy standards translate into uncertainty in map representation View
1050 Explain how maps can be used in determining an optimal route or facility selection View
1051 Explain how maps can be used in terrain analysis (e.g., elevation determination, surface profiles, slope, viewsheds, and gradient) View
1052 Explain how maps may be protected under U.S. copyright law View
1053 Explain how natural language processing is being used in geographic in formation science applications. View
1054 Explain how octatrees are the 3-D extension of quadtrees View
1055 Explain how quadtrees and other hierarchical tessellations can be used to index large volumes of raster or vector data View
1056 Explain how recreational activities differ across environmental contexts (urban to wilderness) and the effects of those activities on different environments. View
1057 Explain how resolution can affect study findings and interpretations in environmental change detection View
1058 Explain how sequential storage relates to geographical space. View
1059 Explain how simulation models can be used to provide advance scientific knowledge in different geographic subfields (transportation, health geography, economic geography, urban and regional analysis, earth systems science)  View
1060 Explain how slope and aspect can be represented as the vector field given by the first derivative of height View
1061 Explain how software innovations such as Synagraphic Mapping System (SYMAP), Surfer, and automated contouring methods have affected the design of maps View
1062 Explain how some epistemologies differ from others View
1063 Explain how spatial correlation can result as a side effect of the spatial aggregation in a given dataset View
1064 Explain how the concept of capacity represents an upper limit on the amount of flow through the network View
1065 Explain how the concept of place encompasses more than just location View
1066 Explain how the DeSeCo program's three categories of individual competencies – the ability to use tools, the ability to interact win heterogeneous groups, and the ability to act autonomously – relate to professional practice in the geospatial field. View
1067 Explain how the ecological fallacy and modifiable areal unit problem relates to the use of aggregate measures of accessibility. View
1068 Explain how the federalization of land management in Canada led to the development of the Canadian Geographic Information System in the 1960s View
1069 Explain how the Getis and Tiefelsdorf-Griffith spatial filtering techniques incorporate spatial component variables into OLS regression analysis in order to remedy misspecification and the problem of spatially auto-correlated residuals View
1070 Explain how the principle of inheritance can be implemented using an object-oriented programming approach View
1071 Explain how the properties of object orientation allows for combining and generalizing objects View
1072 Explain how the saying "developing data is the largest single cost of implementing GIS" could be true for an organization that is already collecting data as part of its regular operations View
1073 Explain how the types of distortion indicated by projection metadata on a map will affect map measurements View
1074 Detail the step-by-step processes of vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversion View
1075 Explain how Thiessen Polygons account for physical barriers and how they can be used in retail settings. View
1076 Explain how to label features having indeterminate boundaries (e.g., canyons, oceans). View
1077 Explain how to perform accuracy assessment for remote sensing image classifications. View
1078 Explain how to recognize contaminated data in large datasets. View
1079 Explain how to use the JupyterLab user interface. View
1080 Explain how validation and verification processes can be used to maintain database integrity View
1081 Explain how variations in the calculation of area may have real world implications, such as calculating density View
1082 Explain how virtual and immersive environments become increasingly more complex as we progress from non-immersive pseudo 3D environments to stereoscopic, real 3D, fully immersive environments. View
1083 Explain how visualization of geographic big data can be used in two different modes: for visual communication and visual thinking. View
1084 Explain how voxels and stack-unit maps that show the topography of a series of geologic layers might be considered 3-D extensions of field and vector representations respectively View
1085 Explain how web services enable the sharing of maps and GIS operations in an online environment. View
1086 Explain individual phases of an systems development life cycle View
1087 Explain management of contributions and software sustainability. View
1088 Explain the “threshold concept” and give an example. View
1089 Explain the activities and importance of at least 3 Openness initiatives or activities in the area of GIS&T. View
1090 Explain the advantage of real-time kinematic GPS in field data collection View
1091 Explain the advantage of the relational model over earlier database structures including spreadsheets View
1092 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of topological data models View
1093 Explain the advantages in using historical maps in a GIS. View
1094 Explain the advantages in using NoSQL database to store spatial data, especially big spatial data. View
1095 Explain the advantages that a geometric datum like NATRF2022 brings to determining coordinate positions. View
1096 Explain the advantages that a geopotential datum like NAPGD2022 brings to determining elevations. View
1097 Explain the approach used for storing and structuring data in array databases. View
1098 Explain the argument that GIS and remote sensing foster a “disembodied” way of knowing the world View
1099 Explain the argument that GIS is "socially constructed" View
1100 Explain the argument that, throughout history, maps have been used to depict social relations View
1101 Explain the assumptions of different areal interpolation approaches View
1102 Explain the basic differences between perception and cognition View
1103 Explain the basic framework to extract position and timing information from TOA measurements. View
1104 Explain the basic logic of SQL syntax View
1105 Explain the basic operation of a pen plotter. View
1106 Explain the basics of how Linear Programming works View
1107 Explain the challenge of representing within current GIS software local knowledge that is neither easily mapped nor verified View
1108 Explain the challenges and potential solutions of mobile GIS development from the perspectives of spatial functions, user interface design, and system performance. View
1109 Explain the complementary relationship between database generalization and cartographic generalization in the context of GIS View
1110 Explain the concept "quadtree" View
1111 Explain the concept of "fair use" with regard to geospatial information View
1112 Explain the concept of a “spatial decision support system” View
1113 Explain the concept of a “spatial decision support system” View
1114 Explain the concept of competing destinations, describing how traditional SI model forms are modified to account for it. View
1115 Explain the concept of location analytics View
1116 Explain the concept of the kriging variance, and describe some of its shortcomings View
1117 Explain the concepts of geospatial semantic interoperability View
1118 Explain the core marketing planning processes, identify GIS applications for each and describe the contribution of those applications, View
1119 Explain the critical phases of modeling: design, implementation, calibration, sensitivity analysis, validation and error analysis.  View
1120 Explain the derivatives of LiDAR: slope, aspect, and contour and discuss their strengths and limitations. View
1121 Explain the difference between a public and subscription account on ArcGIS Online. View
1122 Explain the difference between a reference ellipsoid and the geoid. View
1123 Explain the difference between a system and a process definition of Enterprise GIS. View
1124 Explain the difference between decennial data and survey data from the Census Bureau View
1125 Explain the difference between declarative and procedural programming languages. View
1126 Explain the difference between Geographic Information Systems and Geographic Information Science. View
1127 Explain the difference between geometric warping and resampling View
1128 Explain the difference between georeferencing and georectification View
1129 Explain the difference between georelational and object-based data. View
1130 Explain the difference between manual and automatic conflation. View
1131 Explain the difference between mimetic and abstract icons View
1132 Explain the difference between participation and collaboration View
1133 Explain the difference between passive and active geodetic control. View
1134 Explain the difference between serving data and analysis on the web/cloud View
1135 Explain the difference between the Euclidean distance metric and network distance metric View
1136 Explain the difference between the notebook paradigm and traditional desktop GIS. View
1137 Explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up modeling approaches. View
1138 Explain the difference between typeface properties (microaesthetics) and label properties (visual variables). View
1139 Explain the difference between user's accuracy and producer's accuracy. View
1140 Explain the differences between a 2.5-dimensional and a true 3-dimensional data model. View
1141 Explain the differences between a Landsat scene and Landsat ARD tile. View
1142 Explain the differences between professional certification, accreditation, and licensure. View
1143 Explain the differences between true north, magnetic north, and grid north directional references View
1144 Explain the different Python GIS development modes. View
1145 Explain the difficulties in creating true 3-D objects in a vector or raster format View
1146 Explain the evolution of 2-D, 3-D, and 4-D geometric datums in the United States highlighting how technology has impacted the development of the new datums. View
1147 Explain the evolution of vertical datums in the United States highlighting how technology has impacted the development of the new datums. View
1148 Explain the four aspects of scale in the context of remote sensing:  spatial scale, spectral scale, radiometric scale, and temporal scale, and differentiate between scale as a measure of grain and extent. View
1149 Explain the functions, mission, history, constituencies, and activities of your state GIS Council and related formal and informal bodies View
1150 Explain the fundamentals of spatial association rule learning. View
1151 Explain the general architecture of mobile GIS, and the functions of each component. View
1152 Explain the general concept of artificial intelligence. View
1153 Explain the general steps in a typical spatial pattern recognition method. View
1154 Explain the generalized architecture of spatial cloud computing, and the functions of each component. View
1155 Explain the graph-theoretical requirements of planar enforcement. View
1156 Explain the history of cyberinfrastructure View
1157 Explain the history of distance decay as a concept in geography View
1158 Explain the i.i.d assumption and illustrate why it not valid for spatial data View
1159 Explain the importance and implications in GIS&T of at least 3 benefits of Openness in the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards. View
1160 Explain the importance of spatial data uncertainty. View
1161 Explain the importance of topological data structures. View
1162 Explain the influence of the Geospatial Data Act of 2018 on governance of the U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure. View
1163 Explain the information that each LiDAR data point contains. View
1164 Explain the interdependence of data properties and attributes View
1165 Explain the key characteristics of geovisual analytics.  View
1166 Explain the legacy of multi-criteria evaluation in relation to cartographic modeling View
1167 Explain the legal concept "property regime" View
1168 Explain the levels of analysis at which landscape metrics are computed View
1169 Explain the limitations of each areal interpolation approach View
1170 Explain the limitations of the grid model compared to the hexagonal model View
1171 Explain the main characteristics of vector data formats View
1172 Explain the main difference between supervised learning and unsupervised learning. View
1173 Explain the main principle of critical ethics. View
1174 Explain the main types of data capture devices used in the era under consideration. View
1175 Explain the major differences between graphics and GPGPU programming View
1176 Explain the meaning behind the name NoSQL database. View
1177 Explain the mechanism of the On-The-Fly projection. View
1178 Explain the mixed pixel problem and approaches to attenuate it. View
1179 Explain the nature and causes of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) View
1180 Explain the nature of relationships between phenomena in a bivariate choropleth map. View
1181 Explain the nature of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) View
1182 Explain the necessity of defining a semi-variogram model for geographic data View
1183 Explain the need for a code of ethics and rules of conduct. View
1184 Explain the needs that resulted in the development of analytical cartography, GIS and geostatistics. View
1185 Explain the nine-intersection model for spatial relationships View
1186 Explain the principles of virtual environments according to MacEachren's four “I”s: immersion, interactivity, information density, and intelligence of the displayed objects. View
1187 Explain the pros and cons of using R as a GIS. View
1188 Explain the publish/subscribe messaging mechanism in the server-client based architecture View
1189 Explain the purpose of JavaScript for GIS programming, such as how and why it is used to build or extend GIS software functionality. View
1190 Explain the reason for the rise of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors. View
1191 Explain the relationship between a cartographic map and a mental or cognitive map. View
1192 Explain the relationship between Features and ImageCollections View
1193 Explain the relationship between geoportal applications, metadata, and geospatial data standards.  View
1194 Explain the relationship between regions and categories View
1195 Explain the relationship of major geospatial professions to the three industry sectors of the U.S. Department of Labor's Geospatial Technology Competency Model (GTCM). View
1196 Explain the relationship of the U.S. Global Positioning System with comparable systems sponsored by Russia and the European Union and the Global Navigation Satellite System View
1197 Explain the relevance of the concept "parallax" in stereoscopic aerial imagery View
1198 Explain the relevance of the concept of trilateration to both GPS positioning and control surveying View
1199 Explain the role and selection criteria for "ground control points" (GCPs) in the georegistration of aerial imagery View
1200 Explain the role of descriptive and normative models in spatial decision support View
1201 Explain the roles and functions of space, time, and their relationships in GIScience View
1202 Explain the roles of spatial patterns and ecological processes in landscape ecology analysis. View
1203 Explain the significance of VGI. View
1204 Explain the steps in the cartographic compilation process and discuss their impact on map reading. View
1205 Explain the task for each of the three stages of “sense-reason-act” in a real-time computing paradigm View
1206 Explain the three general types of spatial relations. View
1207 Explain the three typical neighborhood definitions in the context of computational geometry, administration and planning, and urban geography. View
1208 Explain the two modifiable areal unit effects that can occur during the districting process. View
1209 Explain the typology of spatial autoregressive models. View
1210 Explain the underlying concepts behind various algorithms for selecting points to be used in constructing TIN models View
1211 Explain the use of distance in classification and clustering. View
1212 Explain the use of GIS&T in the common sub-disciplines of the Civil Engineering profession. View
1213 Explain the use of multi-patching to represent 3-D objects View
1214 Explain the use of views in spatial data management. View
1215 Explain the various distortions found in vertical aerial photographs. View
1216 Explain the various stages in the evolution of gateways View
1217 Explain the ways in which metadata increases the value of geospatial data View
1218 Explain the workings of batch processing using punched cards. View
1219 Explain three use modes with PySAL. View
1220 Explain two common methodologies of an systems development life cycle View
1221 Explain what a spectral reflectance curve is, and why it is central to remote sensing image interpretation. View
1222 Explain what an equipotential surface is, and why this definition means that water does not flow across such a surface under the force of gravity alone. View
1223 Explain what an error matrix is. View
1224 Explain what is meant by “qualitative GIS” and “GIS of place” (or “platial GIS”) View
1225 Explain what makes POLYVRT a hierarchical vector data model View
1226 Explain what State Plane Coordinates system (SPC) eastings and northings represent View
1227 Explain what steps a business school can take to thoroughly incorporate GIS View
1228 Explain what the benefits are of spatial digital transformation View
1229 Explain what Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) eastings and northings represent View
1230 Explain when spatiotemporal dynamics can be employed to study geographical process. View
1231 Explain why “location, location, location” would be a key tenet of the real estate business. View
1232 Explain why comparisons of different aggregations of spatial data can produce invalid results View
1233 Explain why complementing raw movement trajectories with auxiliary sensor data is key for understanding movement processes. List at least 5 additional sensor types that are often used together with location sensors. View
1234 Explain why fuzzy logic, rather then Boolean algebra models, can be useful for representing real world boundaries between different tree species View
1235 Explain why general-purpose regions rarely exist View
1236 Explain why GIS is demanded in public health. View
1237 Explain why integrated topological models have lost favor in commercial GIS software View
1238 Explain why it is critical for a project planner and manager to understand all ten project management knowledge areas. View
1239 Explain why it is important to have a good model of the semi-variogram in kriging View
1240 Explain why kernel density is needed View
1241 Explain why kriging is more suitable as an interpolation method in some applications than others View
1242 Explain why making comparisons of Census data across geographies or across time can be problematic View
1243 Explain why metadata production should be integrated into the data production and database development workflows, rather than treated as an ancillary activity View
1244 Explain why plane coordinates are sometimes preferable to geographic coordinates View
1245 Explain why probability sampling is a critical criterion for a statistically rigorous accuracy assessment. View
1246 Explain why software products sold by U.S. companies may predominate in foreign markets, including Europe and Australia View
1247 Explain why some community organizations may encounter more difficulty than others in acquiring geospatial data from public and private organizations View
1248 Explain why stratified sampling is often used when the objectives specify estimating accuracy by class. View
1249 Explain why the geoid is an ideal datum for elevations. View
1250 Explain why the process “dissolve and merge” often follows vector overlay operations View
1251 Explain why the properties of spatial continuity are characteristic of spatial surfaces View
1252 Explain why the quality and quantity of population data varies in different parts of the world View
1253 Explain why the reduction of map scale sometimes results in the need for mapped features to be reduced in size and moved. View
1254 Explain why zero slopes are indicative of surface specific points such as peaks, pits, and passes, and list the conditions necessary for each View
1255 Explain why, in some cases, an adaptive kernel might be employed View
1256 Explain, with examples of case studies, how diachronic and multilayer analysis in GIS using historical maps can be useful in a geo-historical study of the landscape. View
1257 Explain, with examples, how all manner of research outcomes could be shared more effectively View
1258 Explore a real agent-based model and define the main modeling components. View
1259 Explore intelligence domains within the United States national security enterprise View
1260 Explore possible presentation forms for communicating relevant information to the users in LBS and discuss their pros and cons. View
1261 Explore the roles emerging geospatial technologies may play in advancing landscape ecology analysis. View
1262 Explore various application fields and investigate the potentials of machine learning View
1263 Express the importance of computational notebooks in open (geospatial) science. View
1264 Express the importance of organizational context to the implementation and operation of an Enterprise GIS. View
1265 Find specified features on a topographic map and determine the elevation of these features. View
1266 Formalize attribute domain sets and their values in terms of categories as sets View
1267 Formalize the notion of field using mathematical functions and calculus View
1268 Formalize the operation called map overlay using Boolean logic View
1269 Format the styling, text, layout, image resolution, and file type of a static map so that it can be included in a well-designed web page.  View
1270 Formulate metadata for a geostatistical analysis that would be released to an experienced audience View
1271 Formulate metadata for a graphic output that would be distributed to the general public View
1272 Generate a list of key mental tasks conducted during perceptual and cognitive processing of geographic phenomena. View
1273 Generate a new problem or activity that connects to a set of learning objectives  View
1274 Give examples of skills and areas of expertise needed to bring a commercial product from idea to launch and why they are important. View
1275 Given a set of requirements, propose appropriate system architectures for web GIS, including the software and hardware used for the data server, GIS server, web server, and client apps. View
1276 given statistical test of thematic accuracy View
1277 Given that individual human perceptions and knowledge differ, how can common understanding of geographic information be represented View
1278 Hypothesize about geographic processes by synthesizing the patterns found on one or more thematic maps or data visualizations View
1279 Identify “troublesome knowledge” and be able to create an example relevant to mapping and GIS. Distinguish between a core concept in troublesome knowledge, and a peripheral concept. View
1280 Identify additional tools that can be incorporated along with the Huff Model to get a more accurate trader area and/or to take into consideration of physical travel barriers. View
1281 Identify and assess sources and quality of geospatial data applicable in public policy applications. View
1282 Identify and critique a map created through surveillant approaches to map making. Identify and critique a map created through sousveillant or participatory approaches. View
1283 Identify and critique a map using one of the approaches to understanding the power of maps from the entry.  View
1284 Identify and define the parameters of a semi-variogram (range, sill, nugget) View
1285 Identify and describe GIS&T tools commonly used in archaeological research View
1286 Identify and describe the distortion pattern in a specific map projection using a common visualization method (e.g., Tissot's indicatrices) or distortion surface. View
1287 Identify and describe the limitations of drive-time rings in different settings and how GIS manages these.  View
1288 Identify and describe the people (roles) necessary to effectively design a GIS View
1289 Identify and describe three prongs of epistemological critiques of GIS as they were advanced in the 1990s through the 2000s. View
1290 Identify and describe three specialized areas in marketing in which GIS resources are useful.  Explain the application of location analytics tools in each. View
1291 Identify and differentiate among visual editors available for use with GIS software View
1292 Identify and discuss the fundamental differences between personal and societal value presented by professional associations View
1293 Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-image registration View
1294 Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-map registration View
1295 Identify and explain how GIScientists understand knowledge production in GIS. View
1296 Identify and explain primary methods for structuring and modeling geospatial big data.  View
1297 Identify applications and phenomena that are not adequately modeled by the field view View
1298 Identify applications of linear referencing View
1299 Identify appropriate ancillary information to support areal interpolation View
1300 Identify appropriate georeferencing techniques for a given application View
1301 Identify appropriate symbolization choices given the phenomenon being represented. View
1302 Identify artificial intelligence tools that may be useful for GIS&T View
1303 Identify at least 5 and explain at least 3 concerns, myths, or barriers to Openness in the areas of Open Data, Free and Open Source Software, and Open Standards. View
1304 Identify at least 5 fields or activities in which the principles of Openness are applied. View
1305 Identify CA principles and patterns using the game of Life and simple software. View
1306 Identify challenges and future directions for applications of NLP in GIScience. View
1307 Identify common-sense views of geographic phenomena that sharply contrast with established theories and technologies of geographic information View
1308 Identify conferences that are related to GIS&T View
1309 Identify constraints added by different mathematical spaces. View
1310 Identify critical questions in each phase of a geographic information systems development life cycle View
1311 Identify data sources that can be integrated into network partition models. View
1312 Identify essential spatial datasets that should be prepared in anticipation of disaster activities. View
1313 Identify examples of applications of participatory mapping for marginal populations. View
1314 Identify examples of discrete and continuous change found in spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal fields View
1315 Identify examples of spatial autocorrelation. View
1316 Identify examples of static, animated, and interactive web maps. View
1317 Identify future Geographic Information Science and Technology for disaster management trends. View
1318 Identify GIS application domains in which true 3-D models of natural phenomena are necessary View
1319 Identify how different methods of data classification for a single dataset can produce different visualizations that will influence users differently.  View
1320 Identify how spatial is special in the context of natural language processing. View
1321 Identify how the relationships between space and time help frame scientific inquiries in different disciplines View
1322 Identify interesting relationships uniquely revealed by their bivariate or multivariate representation. View
1323 Identify major factors that determine image brightness variations in a scene, and explain the role of each factor. View
1324 Identify mapping tasks that require each of the following: smoothing, aggregation, simplification, and displacement. View
1325 Identify methods for social media data capturing in GIS&T research. View
1326 Identify modeling situations where spatial filtering might not be appropriate View
1327 Identify National Science Foundation (NSF) programs that support GIS&T research and education View
1328 Identify personalities of typefaces, and the microaesthetics that contribute to them. View
1329 Identify possible improvements of selected VPLs with regards to their graphical form or functionality View
1330 Identify potential sources of funding (internal and external) for a project or enterprise GIS View
1331 Identify practical problems in defining and measuring the value of geospatial information in land or other business decisions View
1332 Identify provisions of the GIS Code of Ethics that are relevant to particular ethical challenges, especially provisions that appear to be contrary. View
1333 Identify questions that can evaluate the viability of a commercial GIS application. View
1334 Identify several uses for which a particular map is or is not effective View
1335 Identify social media platforms that can be used in GIS&T research. View
1336 Identify software options that meet functionality needs for a given task or enterprise View
1337 Identify software tools available to support metadata creation View
1338 Identify some Earth Resource Satellites, what type of sensors they carry (including the sensor resolution), and the applications of the satellites. View
1339 Identify some of the key commercial activities that provided an impetus for the development of GIS&T View
1340 Identify some of the key federal agencies and programs that provided the impetus for the development of GIS&T View
1341 Identify sources of data used for analysis within retail GIS and describe how the data are integrated. View
1342 Identify specific examples of spatial injustice. View
1343 Identify specific topics with concrete examples that you can use to introduce and illustrate more abstract concepts; View
1344 Identify standard occupational codes that are relevant to GIS&T. View
1345 Identify storied elements (e.g., characters, events, places) within a mapped story and analyze/decode how they are symbolized. View
1346 Identify the appropriate resampling method for a given application View
1347 Identify the characteristics of geovisualization as a process, and relate these characteristics to modern day mapping systems and map use View
1348 Identify the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with data model and format conversion View
1349 Identify the current implementation patterns of Enterprise GIS, based on present trends and best practices in IT. View
1350 Identify the database administration tools available for optimizing performance View
1351 Identify the five types of value presented by professional associations for members and articulate the value type most important to you and why. View
1352 Identify the four classes of accessibility models and measures. Students can explain the general formulation of each of these models.  View
1353 Identify the historical developments related to the field of aerial photography. View
1354 Identify the intrinsic properties of angles and illustrate how to connect them with directional operations. View
1355 Identify the key academic disciplines that contributed to the development of GIS&T View
1356 Identify the kinds of phenomena commonly found at the boundaries of regions View
1357 Identify the landforms represented by specific patterns in contours on a topographic map View
1358 Identify the liability implications associated with contracts View
1359 Identify the location of the same feature on different maps that use the geographic coordinate system versus a grid coordinate system. View
1360 Identify the main historical markers in the relationships between art and cartography View
1361 Identify the main types of organizational models for GIS program management with examples of how they are implemented in different types of organizations View
1362 Identify the map projection(s) upon which SPC coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grids View
1363 Identify the map projection(s) upon which UTM coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grid View
1364 Identify the measurement framework that applies to moving object tracking View
1365 Identify the ontological assumptions underlying the work of colleagues View
1366 Identify the particular design choices that make a map more or less effective View
1367 Identify the political motivations of map art, evaluating its impact on contemporary issues, such as colonialism, cultural identities and globalization. View
1368 Identify the primary Cartesian coordinate systems used in their region of interest, and the difference and projection from geographic to Cartesian systems. Estimate surface distances between points in either type of system. View
1369 Identify the proper data type for join count statistics and compute the statistic. View
1370 Identify the purpose of the duplicate avoidance technique in the spatial join operation. View
1371 Identify the relationship among MSDI, MC, and MSP. View
1372 Identify the situations where computing with coordinates occurs in a GIS. View
1373 Identify the sources of data, representation, and animation or interaction in an example web map and the roles played by each. View
1374 Identify three sources of uncertainty in GIS&T data for agriculture and how these sources of uncertainty might interact with uncertainty widely present in agricultural systems. View
1375 Identify through appearance of the graticule the distortion in a map projection. View
1376 Identify two methods for mapping space and time together in the same map to account for crime locations. View
1377 Identify types of copyright infringement View
1378 Identify types of GIS&T positions and their qualifications and explain why it has been difficult for many agencies and organizations to define positions and roles for GIS&T professionals. View
1379 Identify whether it is important to represent temporal change in a particular GIS application View
1380 Identify, download, prepare, and interpret public data sources relevant to forestry, including USDA Agricultural Research Service National Aerial Imagery Program aerial photographs, NRCS SSURGO soils data, USGS digital elevation data, USDA National Agricu View
1381 Identify, understand, and help overcome the barriers to use of scientific oceanographic data by GIS users, as well as increase the use of GIS tools by ocean science and resource management users. View
1382 Illustrate a scenario in which a science gateway would be useful in a research or education setting View
1383 Illustrate a topological relation View
1384 Illustrate how Apache Kafka achieves real-time processing of streaming data View
1385 Illustrate how the visual variables are employed effectively in map icon design View
1386 Illustrate the GBF/DIME data model View
1387 Illustrate the hexagonal model View
1388 Illustrate the impact of the vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversion processes on the geographic accuracy of the phenomenon being represented. View
1389 Illustrate the in-between role of Voronoi diagrams compared to traditional raster and vector GIS data structures. View
1390 Illustrate the quadtree model View
1391 Illustrate the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to model landscapes in 3-D View
1392 Illustrate the ways that scale can be indicated on a map and convert from one scale indicator to another. View
1393 Implement a format for encoding quadtrees in a data file View
1394 Implement a GIS database design in an off-the-shelf, object-oriented database View
1395 Implement a maximum likelihood estimation procedure for determining key spatial econometric parameters. View
1396 Implement algorithms that retrieve geospatial data from a range of data structures View
1397 Implement and interpret the four basic spatial accessibility measures in a GIS using available tools.  View
1398 Implement basic conflation operator using buffer analysis and overlay operation. View
1399 Implement point query or window query algorithms that retrieve geospatial data using basic index structures View
1400 Implement spatial analytic models in distributed contexts (i.e., a across multiple computational nodes View
1401 Implement techniques to improve typeface and label legibility, and to disambiguate labels. View
1402 Improve communication between marine GIS practitioners and developers, particularly for science applications. This applies to both open source and proprietary systems View
1403 Infer if a certain kind of knowledge (factual, conceptual, procedural, or meta-cognitive) dominates lesson content; View
1404 Integrate basic, short distance plane surveying with GNSS to calculate coordinate locations, and establish points, lines, and polygons, and calculate areas. Demonstrate proficiency in basic angle measurements using handheld, staff, tripod, or electronic c View
1405 Interpret descriptive statistics and geostatistics of geographic data View
1406 Interpret estimates of the strength of distance decay in spatial interaction models View
1407 Interpret the backlash against the quantitative revolution in geography in the context of the technical capabilities of the 1960s and '70s. View
1408 Interpret the elements of an existing metadata document View
1409 Interpret the results of point pattern analysis (PPA) methods. View
1410 Introduce issues for geospatial semantic interoperability and challenges for geospatial semantic interoperability using ontologies View
1411 Investigate the frontiers of the applications in public health that are being pushed by the development of GIS. View
1412 involved in GIS&T View
1413 Justify the choice of a particular spatial autoregressive model for a given application. View
1414 Justify the discrepancies between the nature of locations in the real world and representations thereof (e.g., towns as points) View
1415 Justify the metaphysical theories with which you agree View
1416 Know that GIS and computational models are linked in different ways, from tight to loose coupling. View
1417 Learn the key components of the raster data model. View
1418 Link Census demographic data to the appropriate TIGER geography within GIS View
1419 List and describe several spatial sampling schemes and evaluate each one for specific applications View
1420 List and describe the types of data maintained by federal governments View
1421 List and describe the types of data maintained by state governments View
1422 List at least 5 benefits of Openness in each of the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards. View
1423 List at least four natural resource areas that benefit from the use of GIS. View
1424 List at least three decisions required at the planning stage when choosing a sampling design for accuracy assessment. View
1425 List commonly used sensors for capturing remote sensed data via UAS. View
1426 List definitions of networks that apply to specific applications or industries View
1427 List different properties that are used to describe an entire network. View
1428 List different ways connectivity can be determined in a raster and in a polygon dataset View
1429 List four societal practices of the early 20th century that stimulated the development of spatial models. View
1430 List reasons why the area of a polygon calculated in a GIS might not be the same as the real world object it describes View
1431 List several examples or case studies for using a visual programming language (VPL) View
1432 List several movement patterns and conceptualize their patterns. Sketch patterns with pen and paper and devise algorithms for detecting movement patterns in movement data. View
1433 List some commercial small satellites and their applications.  View
1434 List some of the most popular DBMS software that can be used for geospatial implementation.  View
1435 List some of the MSDI stakeholders. View
1436 List some of the widely-recognized SDIs. View
1437 List strategies for improving the security of a database View
1438 List strategies that web GIS administrators can take to improve the speed and capacity of their systems. View
1439 List the advantages and disadvantages of using TIN model View
1440 List the application domains of mobile GIS and describe the key functions offered by mobile GIS for each domain. View
1441 List the differences between supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition methods. View
1442 List the different components of modern gateways View
1443 List the likely sources of error in slope and aspect maps derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and state the circumstances under which these can be very severe View
1444 List the major functionality needed from off-the-shelf software based on a requirements report View
1445 List the most common vector data formats. View
1446 List the possible sources of error in a selected and fitted model of an experimental semi-variogram View
1447 List the possible topological relationships between entities in space (e.g., 9-intersection) and time View
1448 List the special characteristics of spatial patterns compared with aspatial patterns. View
1449 List the three components that comprise the methodology for an accuracy assessment. View
1450 List the two main driving forces behind the very first maps. View
1451 List three areas of spatial statistics and briefly explain them View
1452 List three commonly used spatial pattern recognition and matching methods. View
1453 List, define, and rank the sources of error associated with GPS positioning View
1454 Make the following maps depicting spatiotemporal information: a dance map, a change map, small multiples, an animated map. View
1455 Map an information chain from data collection to service delivery for GIS&T in agriculture. View
1456 Match features on a map to corresponding features in the world View
1457 Match the symbols on a map to their corresponding explanations in the legend. View
1458 Measure and describe the spatial scales at which processes affecting an observed data pattern operate View
1459 Measure point-feature movement and point-feature diffusion on maps View
1460 Modify the style of a map to mimic another style (pastiche) regarding form, color, type, and texture. View
1461 Modify typographic visual variables to graphically represent the type and attributes of geographic feature. View
1462 Name a few of the existing or under development S-100 dependent standards. View
1463 Name and describe some geospatial tools for participatory modeling. View
1464 Name challenges of a MSDI implementation. View
1465 Name data types that are commonly used for GIS attribute values View
1466 Name five spatial patterns and illustrate them View
1467 Name five types of qualitative direction and indicate the frames of reference for each. View
1468 Name key visual analytics approaches for analyzing movement data, and list their properties and limitations. View
1469 Name the benefits of OpenAPI and algorithms for the future MSDIs. View
1470 Name the five categories of IHO publications. View
1471 Name the fundamental standards in hydrography and nautical charting profession. View
1472 Name the key components of Location-Based Services. View
1473 Name the key components of machine learning models View
1474 Name the key organizations who provide professional certification in GIS. View
1475 Navigate the process and tools for developing and contributing to an open source project. View
1476 Obtain historical maps in digital form and prepare them for georeferencing. View
1477 Organize each stage of a problem into a set of tasks and sub-tasks; View
1478 Outline a combination of positioning techniques that can be used to support location-based services in a given environment View
1479 Outline a number of different methods for calculating slope from a DEM View
1480 Outline an algorithm to find the area of a polygon using the coordinates of its vertices View
1481 Outline arguments for and against the notion of information as a public good View
1482 Outline how higher order derivatives of height can be interpreted View
1483 Outline key tasks involved in identifying a possible commercial GIS application, developing it and marketing it. View
1484 Outline methods (programs or processes) that provide effective staff development opportunities for GIS&T View
1485 Outline sources of additional costs associated with development of an enterprise GIS View
1486 Outline the basic kriging equations in their matrix formulation View
1487 Outline the basic steps of a neural SI model, and discuss the benefits/drawbacks of this computational approach to SI modeling. View
1488 Outline the categories of costs that an organization should anticipate as it plans to design and implement a GIS View
1489 Outline the circumstances in which the buffer operation is useful in different geographic analyses (clipping geographic data, visualization, and performing spatial queries). View
1490 Outline the elements of the U.S. geospatial metadata standard View
1491 Outline the general changes in geospatial analytics and modeling with each new scientific paradigm. View
1492 Outline the intellectual property protection clause of a contract that a local government uses to license geospatial data to a community group View
1493 Outline the likely effects on analysis results of variations in the kernel function used and the bandwidth adopted View
1494 Outline the possible sources of error in overlay operations View
1495 Outline the principle concepts and goals of the "digital earth" vision articulated in 1998 by Vice President Al Gore View
1496 Outline the sequence of tasks involved in generating an orthoimage from a vertical aerial photograph View
1497 Outline the terms of a licensing agreement with a local engineering consulting firm that a manager of a county government GIS office would employ if charged to recoup revenue through sale and licensure of county data View
1498 Parallelize range query using MPI View
1499 Partition spatial data using MPI View
1500 Perform a rigorous sampled field check of the accuracy of a map View
1501 Perform coordinate transformations with QGIS. View
1502 Perform differential correction of GPS data using reference data from a CORS station View
1503 Plan an aerial imagery mission in response to a given request for proposals and map of a study area, taking into consideration vertical and horizontal control, atmospheric conditions, time of year, and time of day View
1504 Plan an orienteering tour of a specific length that traverses slopes of an appropriate steepness and crosses streams in places that can be forded based on a topographic map View
1505 Plan and implement typical spatial analyses in SQL. View
1506 Plan content to guide the learner through the problem or activity and to assess learning outcomes View
1507 Plan the acquisition of historical maps both online and in archives, libraries and other repositories. View
1508 Prepare an overview of Esri enterprise spatial database management approaches for data management environments. View
1509 Prepare different map layouts using the same map components (main map area, inset maps, titles, legends, scale bars, north arrows, grids, and graticule) to produce effective compartmentalized and fluid map layouts. View
1510 Prepare different maps using the same map components to produce maps with different purposes and distinctive intellectual and visual hierarchies. View
1511 Present GIScience scholars' and theorists' responses to external critiques of GIS. View
1512 Present the challenges of building ontologies View
1513 Produce a map of land use/land cover classes using a vertical aerial image View
1514 Produce new materials for the lesson. View
1515 Propose a set of minimum standards for the more effective sharing of GIS code and data View
1516 Propose a sustainable business model built around a geoinformation application or service oriented to supporting either large scale or smallholder agriculture. View
1517 Propose and justify potential problem contexts for the application of geovisual analytics. View
1518 Provide a geospatial example of appropriate application different types for raster cells and vector objects View
1519 Provide an example of a programming approach to address a particular web GIS programming problem. View
1520 Provide an example on how each of the dynamic visual variables can be used to encode spatiotemporal information. View
1521 Provide an explanation of accepted standards and best practices for GIS project planning and management—particularly in the context of the PMI's Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) and discuss how they can be measured by specific tools and techni View
1522 Provide examples for the geo-relational principle. View
1523 Provide examples of different types of arithmetic and statistical operations employed in Map Algebra functions. View
1524 Provide examples of situations where it would be appropriate to use one form of distance measure vs another in the calculation of accessibility measures. View
1525 Provide examples of the use and utility of GIS&T in the digital humanities View
1526 Publish a web map service or web map tile service. View
1527 Read a piece of cartographic research (e.g., a book chapter, journal article, book) and identify what kind of theoretical approach it takes to cartographic design. View
1528 Recognize and describe the distinction between different types of flow maps used in cartography and other fields. View
1529 Recognize attribute domains that do not fit well into Stevens' four levels of measurement such as cycles, indexes, and hierarchies View
1530 Recognize how uncertainty translates into fuzziness around discrete boundaries. View
1531 Recognize that integrating GIS and linear programming solution software can expand the number and kind of spatial optimization problems that can be addressed View
1532 Recognize that models can be both static (in place) and dynamic (in time) and give examples of each. View
1533 Recognize the assumptions underlying probability and geostatistics and the situations in which they are useful analytical tools View
1534 Recognize the benefits and challenges of developing a GIS application using JavaScript. View
1535 Recognize the commonalities of philosophical viewpoints and appreciate differences to enable work with diverse colleagues View
1536 Recognize the constraints that political forces place on geospatial applications in public and private sectors View
1537 Recognize the contributions of topology (the branch of mathematics) to the study of geographic relationships View
1538 Recognize the differences between traditional landscape metrics, graph-based metrics, and surface metrics View
1539 Recognize the impact of oneâ's social background on oneâ's own geographic worldview and perceptions and how it influences oneâ's use of GIS View
1540 Recognize the influences of scale on the perception and meaning of fields View
1541 Recognize the roles of time in “static” and “dynamic” GISystems   View
1542 Recognize the strengths and limitations of the following map types: choropleth, proportional symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot density, dasymetric, cartogram, and flow. View
1543 Recommend the most appropriate plane coordinate system for applications at different spatial extents and justify the recommendation View
1544 Relate attributes in a GIS to spatial concepts such as continuous fields and discrete objects, and qualitative and quantitative distance View
1545 Relate the notion of field in GIS to the mathematical notions of scalar and vector fields View
1546 Report on how a social network can have spatial properties. View
1547 Resample multiple raster data sets to a single resolution to enable overlay View
1548 Resample raster data sets (e.g., terrain, satellite imagery) to a resolution appropriate for a map of a particular scale View
1549 Research and present a benefit of Openness in GIS&T that is debated, questioned, or that has been highlighted as requiring more research. View
1550 Retail sales are a function of market characteristics (Jones, 1990), and important characteristics include customers' income, location, demographics and lifestyle (the latter two are often combined into the term "psychographics"). Explain the role of ea View
1551 Retrieve relevant census data from the Census website View
1552 Review different cloud service models. View
1553 Review the general approaches to assuring the data quality of VGI. View
1554 Review the interaction of properties with attribute values in GIS models. View
1555 Review the limitations of the Huff model in its pure form.  View
1556 Role play how a successful research idea could contribute to a technology transfer process. View
1557 Schedule a user-centered design process for acquiring feedback from target users throughout design and development. View
1558 See why scenario-based planning, informed by modeling, is an important tool across Geography. View
1559 Select a color scheme (e.g., qualitative, sequential, diverging) that is appropriate for a given map purpose and variable. View
1560 Select a place or landscape with personal meaning and discuss its importance View
1561 Select an appropriate activity or problem for one or more learning objectives; View
1562 Select an appropriate OSGeo software stack for the software development task at hand. View
1563 Select and apply appropriate GIS-based visualization techniques for communicating public policy. View
1564 Select and describe the leading trade journals serving the GIS&T community View
1565 Select appropriate interpolation techniques to resample particular types of values in raster data (e.g., nominal using nearest neighbor) View
1566 Select appropriate spatial metaphors and models of phenomena to be represented in GIS View
1567 Select association and for-profit journals that are useful to entities managing enterprise GISs View
1568 Select new technologies in related fields that have the most potential for use in cartography and visualization View
1569 Select the appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of given spatial datasets by first exploring them using graphic methods View
1570 Select the map types that are appropriate for absolute versus normalized data, and describe methods for normalizing absolute data for thematic map types requiring normalized values. View
1571 Self-assess your competencies relative to the Geospatial Technology Competency Model. View
1572 Setup the appropriate GIS API(s) to develop GIS applications View
1573 Show how to compute an orthometric height when given a geoid height and a geodetic height. View
1574 Situate examples of GIS&T implementations in terms of philosophical schools of thought View
1575 Situate location privacy within general privacy. View
1576 Sketch the different conceptualizations of space (data models) and distance on paper. Identify and discuss limitations associated with each type of analysis, including the necessary data required to utilize a given distance measure. View
1577 Sketch the most important conceptual data models and data structures for movement spaces and respective movement traces. Discuss opportunities and limitations of the above models and structures for the conceptualization of specific movement patterns. View
1578 Space for time substitution View
1579 Spacing time and timing space View
1580 Specify the features of a GPS receiver that is able to achieve geometric accuracies on the order of centimeters without post-processing View
1581 Specify the technical components of an aerotriangulation system View
1582 Stream multi-modal information from distributed databases into spatial analytic models View
1583 Suggest the possible societal and ethical implications of distributed GIS&T View
1584 Summarize and compare various security precautions that web GIS system administrators can take to protect access to sensitive data or algorithms. View
1585 Summarize basic administration of an ArcGIS Online subscription including named user accounts and credits. View
1586 Summarize how CA has been adapted for modeling in geography using GIS. View
1587 Summarize how data access processes can be a factor in development of spatial database View
1588 Summarize how hydrographic features are generated and describe the potential use of the features. View
1589 Summarize how similar attributes applied in different geometries, such as raster and vector data models. influence geographical knowledge View
1590 Summarize how to use GIS to build spatial models View
1591 Summarize learning objectives for a lesson; View
1592 Summarize one federal agency program that can facilitate technology transfer and commercialization for academic institutions. View
1593 Summarize the advantages of VGI. View
1594 Summarize the challenges and tools for designing map icons that challenge power structures View
1595 Summarize the concepts of spatial cloud computing. View
1596 Summarize the goals of collective mapping practices throughout history View
1597 Summarize the hydrology commands used in GIS that help to analyze data for watershed management. View
1598 Summarize the importance and estimation strategy of the bandwidth parameter in (M)GWR View
1599 Summarize the importance of geospatial metadata and its role in discoverability of GIS data. View
1600 Summarize the motivations that lead professionals to volunteer their services. View
1601 Summarize the origins of GIS&T education in formal learning environments. View
1602 Summarize the predominant UAS platform types. View
1603 Summarize the process of and reasons for areal interpolation View
1604 Summarize the process of implementing linear referencing View
1605 Summarize the relationship between scale and error View
1606 Summarize the role of point pattern analysis (PPA) in conducting exploratory analysis on point data. View
1607 Summarize the steps for assessing or validating data quality View
1608 Summarize the technical challenges and business benefits associated with launching and maintaining a street level imagery platform. View
1609 Summarize the technology transfer process behind the Taghreed system. View
1610 Summarize the theoretical bound for TOA localization. View
1611 Summarize the three key elements of a collaborative cartography approach View
1612 Summarize the ways in which characterizing land use and land change have changed over time. View
1613 Summarize what the literature suggests as means for overcoming some of the non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation View
1614 Summarize why and how GIS is used in local government. View
1615 Support or refute the statement by Lotfi Zadeh, that "As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision," as it relates to GIS&T View
1616 Take a map designed to support scientific thinking about climate change and re-design it to support science communication. View
1617 Teleconnection View
1619 The present is the key to the past and the future. View
1620 Time priority principle View
1621 Trace the development of SI models from analogies to gravity, to the use of statistical mechanics in the maximum entropy framework, to the inclusion of more behavioral theories, such as competing destinations. View
1622 Trace the history of how land use / land cover mapping has changed over time. View
1623 Trace the history of the relationship between the intelligence community and the geospatial industry View
1624 Transform a conceptual model of information for a particular task into a data model View
1625 Translate spatial problems into spatial queries when appropriate. View
1626 Understand and describe the contextual, technological, and financial considerations required for making a mobile app for geographic information collection.  View
1627 Understand and describe the core concepts related to mobile devices as they apply to computing infrastructure as a whole. View
1628 Understand different ways in which space and time relate to each other and their pros and cons View
1629 Understand how decisions in the design of a map, and the underlying data from which a map draws, affect what users can know from the map  View
1630 Understand how geovisualization is defined, differentiate between the different ways in which the term geovisualization is used View
1631 Understand how to build spatial indexes in both commercial and open-source databases and be aware of what the strategies they use. View
1632 Understand levels of software maturity and their indicators. View
1633 Understand that models have a range of meaning, from conceptual to mathematical and computational. View
1634 Understand the basics of usability engineering approaches. View
1635 Understand the cardinality of match relation. View
1636 Understand the characteristics and key steps of machine learning algorithms  View
1637 Understand the common types of raster file formats. View
1638 Understand the different criteria used for conflating geospatial features. View
1639 Understand the different model types, and their application methods. View
1640 Understand the general concept of SI and how to represent it using a matrix. View
1641 Understand the landscape of GIS and related APIs View
1642 Understand the major shifts in research foci during the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s View
1643 Understand the multiple relationships that exist between art and cartography View
1644 Understand the relevant abilities, skills, and literacy in successfully working with geovisualization environments View
1645 Understand the requirements for legal operation of UAS for data collection purposes. View
1646 Understand the societal issues surrounding UAS data capture. View
1647 Understand the strengths and weaknesses of indices for describing or explaining the urban environment. View
1648 Understand the structure and missions of different types of organizations which manage GIS programs View
1649 Understand the subtasks involved in semantic information extraction and semantic annotation View
1650 Understand what technological advancements have taken place that have made mobile devices important and relevant for GIS&T. View
1651 Understand why generalization is necessary and ubiquitous in cartography and GIS. View
1652 Understand, explain, and perform adjacency and proximity analysis, for example, identify all lands within 100 feet of perennial streams, or all forest stands adjacent to existing forest stands less than five years old. View
1653 Understand, explain, and perform spatial and table selection, e.g., select all vegetation patches that are entirely underlain by erodible soils, or select all forest stands older than 80 years and more than 2000 feet from a road. View
1654 Use a geospatial web service in a map or GIS project. View
1655 Use a geovisualization application to explore a geospatial dataset. Note the geographic insights you find and hypotheses worth pursuing with additional analysis and visualization View
1656 Use a metadata utility to create a geospatial metadata document for a digital database you created View
1657 Use activity based on individuals' location information, such as adding data to a crowdsourced map or using map showing social media postings on specific topics.  View
1658 Use Amdahl's Law to calculate theoretical speedup View
1659 Use established analysis methods that are based on the concept of region (e.g., landscape ecology) View
1660 Use GIS software to transform a given dataset to a specified coordinate system, projection, and datum View
1661 Use methods that analyze topological relationships View
1662 Use photo interpretation keys to interpret features on aerial photographs View
1663 Use riparian buffer zones as an example to discuss and compare buffer zones used in different application domains such as construction, nature conservation, and biodiversity, View
1664 Utilize two different space-time models to characterize a given scenario, such as a daily commute View
1665 Value the importance of tools that make models more shared, such as open source software and common code libraries. View
1666 Walkthrough the “Planning” steps for a project that you have completed recently. Identify where better planning could have improved execution of your project. View
1667 Walkthrough the stages of interaction using different interface controls in an interactive map and identify potential breakdowns and solutions. View
1670 Within the context of computational geometry, provide key neighborhood concepts for vector (point and polygon) and raster data using the most commonly used methods such as Rook Neighbors, Queen Neighbors, Thiessen polygons, Delaunay triangulations, and lo View
1671 Within the context of health research, explain the needs, considerations, and use of neighborhoods to characterize social and environmental determinants of health. View
1672 Within the context of urban geography, explain neighborhood and community as social clusters. View
1673 Write algorithms to perform equal interval, quantiles, mean-standard deviation, natural breaks, and “optimal” classification for choropleth mapping View
1674 Distinguish between various latitude definitions (e.g., geocentric, geodetic, astronomic latitudes) View
1675 Explain the angular measurements represented by latitude and longitude coordinates View
1676 Calculate the latitude and longitude coordinates of a given location on the map using the coordinate grid ticks in the collar of a topographic map and the appropriate interpolation formula View
1677 Mathematically express the relationship between Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates View
1678 Calculate the uncertainty of a ground position defined by latitude and longitude coordinates specified in decimal degrees to a given number of decimal places View
1679 Use GIS software and base data encoded as geographic coordinates to geocode a list of address-referenced locations View
1680 Locate on a globe the positions represented by latitude and longitude coordinates View
1681 Write an algorithm that converts geographic coordinates from decimal degrees (DD) to degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) format View
1682 Explain the importance of hierarchical data models in geospatial information systems View
1683 Describe Tomlin's conceptual model of reality. View
1684 Explain how quadtrees and R-trees index raster and vector datasets. View
1685 Describe the indexing scheme for online tile maps. View
1686 Explain the hierarchical model of discrete global grid systems for multi-resolution representation of geospatial data. View
1687 Explain the key distinctions between events and processes and how events and processes contribute to developing a space-time perspective for a geospatial domain or application View
1688 Define the meaning of continuants, occurrents, and geospatial dynamics View
1689 Define the role of events and processes for including dynamics in a geospatial domain View
1690 Introduce an application for which events and processes are meaningful, and demonstrate how analyses have been undertaken to identify characteristics of events and processes for the application View
1691 Recognize how primitive events, complex events, and sequential events may arise for a domain View
1692 Explain the societal value of GIS View
1693 Explain the societal value of maps. View
1694 Explain the fundamentals of cost-benefit analysis. View
1695 Describe GIS cost components. View
1696 Describe GIS monetary benefits. View
1697 Explain how end-users can support a "with vs. without" GIS ROI analysis. View
1698 Analyze an agency's GIS ROI. View
1699 Evaluate variable GIS ROI rates within an organization. View
1700 Explain the important concepts related to mobile applications in terms of their mechanism, technique, and usage. View
1701 List the examples of mobile applications in different domains. View
1702 Name key data analytics approaches for analyzing data generated by mobile applications. View
1703 Describe the limitations and challenges of mobile applications. View
1704 Describe reasons for converting between vector and raster forms of spatial data representation View
1705 Evaluate the benefits and limitations of converting between vector and raster forms of spatial data representation View
1706 Describe, compare, and contrast spatial interpolation and density techniques used to create estimated raster surfaces from vector data View
1707 Describe key events in the history of geospatial workforce development in the United States. View
1708 Explain any challenges that may exist in geospatial workforce development and what could be done to address these. View
1709 Define key terms related to texts such as Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR), Named Entity Recognition (NER), and Toponym Resolution View
1710 Explain the significance of integrating text-based data, particularly unstructured text, into Geographic Information Systems. View
1711 Describe how advances in natural language processing (NLP) have shaped the extraction of geographic information from text for GIS applications. View
1712 Analyze the challenges involved in toponym resolution. View
1713 Synthesize how the integration of textual data into GIS can transform spatial analysis and contribute to more informed geographic decision-making. View
1714 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of spectroscopy and multiband imaging for different applications. View
1715 Recognize key features of radiance and reflectance spectra. View
1716 Translate between reflectance in unitless quantities and inverse steradians. View
1717 Select appropriately between BRDF-corrected and uncorrected datasets for different applications. View
1718 Summarize the primary spectral features and applications for studies of the cryosphere, terrestrial vegetation, geology, and aquatic ecosystems. View
1719 Explain the general concepts of regression modeling. View
1720 Fit a linear regression model from data. View
1721 Interpret the results of a linear regression model. View
1722 Explain why spatial data may violate some assumptions of linear regressional models. View
1723 Summarize the different approaches to generating TIN models. View
1724 Explain how to calculate terrain derivatives based on TIN models. View
1725 Describe how TIN-based terrain analysis is completed using vector operations. View
1726 Define and differentiate verification and validation in the context of applied GIS research. View
1727 Summarize the challenges that arise when verifying and validating GIS research. View
1728 Define different forms of validity and relate each to uncertainties that arise during applied GIS research. View
1729 Articulate how different types of changes made during an attempt to replicate a GIS study can test different forms of verification and validity. View
1730 Explain the concept of set and its relationship to membership functions and fuzzy aggregation. View
1732 Explain the connections between spatiotemporal objects, relations, and events. View
1733 Describe the models that can be used to represent volumes and space-time volumes. View
1734 Illustrate how a spatiotemporal data framework can be used in different application areas. View
1735 Summarize the role of foundational ontologies in knowledge representation. View
1736 Describe the main categories found in a foundational ontology. View
1737 Describe how spatial information are handled in a foundational ontology. View
1738 Describe the characteristics of the geospatial information market. View
1739 Explain the various technological changes that have enabled different types of geospatial products and services over time. View
1740 Evaluate the opportunities and challenges presented by the modern geospatial information market. View
1741 Define the difference between fuzzy logic and boolean logic. View
1742 Describe a fuzzy membership function. View
1743 Describe the common applications of fuzzy models used with GIS. View
1744 Provide several everyday examples of multi-criteria evaluation View
1745 List and explain the building blocks of an MCE problem View
1746 Compare and contrast the terms MCE, weighted linear combination, and site suitability analysis View
1747 Develop a workflow for an MCE application that includes hard constraints and soft factors View
1748 Discuss benefits and limitations of the MCE technology View
1749 Name two trends in research or technology that affect geospatial MCE View
1750 Summarize the purpose of hot spot analysis. View
1751 Describe both the benefits and limitations of visual approaches to hot/cold spot detection. View
1752 Compare and contrast global and local approaches to statistical hot spot detection. View
1753 Explain the process of Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis. View
1754 Apply the logic of hot spot analysis to spatiotemporal data. View
1755 Explain the workflow of conducting LiDAR point cloud analysis View
1756 Describe the mechanism that induces noise in LiDAR point cloud data and the basic idea of filtering out noise points View
1757 Describe the procedures of classifying LiDAR point cloud data and the difference between the clusters and the meaningful classes. View
1758 Explain the difference between regular point cloud classification and feature extraction View
1759 Summarize the relationship between feature extraction, quantification, and 3D reconstruction. View
1760 Explain ESDA, including its goals and how it differs from traditional EDA. View
1761 Demonstrate expertise in various ESDA techniques, including spatial autocorrelation, spatial pattern, and spatial correlation analysis. View
1762 Interpret the outcomes of ESDA, such as recognizing spatial clusters, understanding spatial dependencies, and identifying anomalies. View
1763 Apply ESDA techniques to real-world scenarios such as urban analytics, environmental management, and epidemiology. View
1764 Describe advanced spatial statistical methods that rely on the principles and applications of ESDA. View
1765 Describe the basics of HTC, and how it differs from other computer paradigms such as HPC View
1766 Explain data processing efficiency when using HTC View
1767 Describe data considerations when working in an HTC environment View
1768 Evaluate Applicability of High Throughput Computing (HTC) View
1769 Explain the benefits and limitations of using High Throughput Computing (HTC) View
1770 Remember key geospatial and database terminology View
1771 Describe the components that comprise a geodatabase View
1772 Apply techniques for data management with a geodatabase View
1773 Evaluate the usefulness/fit of geodatabases for geographic research View
1774 Create an SQL query to retrieve elements from a database table View
1775 Assess the importance of tools that make models more shareable, such as open-source software and common code libraries View
1776 Explain key differences between common types of spatial sampling methods. View
1777 Describe common types of spatial sampling methods View
1778 Identify and describe various types of OGC Web Services View
1779 Identify and describe an OGC Application Programming Interface (API) View
1780 Describe how and why an OGC web service and an OGC API can be used together. View
1781 Identify and describe several OGC-based data encodings View
1782 Explain how GIS supports data-driven decision-making in architectural programming and design. View
1783 Identify key components of GIS that enhance pre-design analysis, including spatial data layering, site characteristics, and environmental factors. View
1784 Develop a parti that integrates site-specific constraints and opportunities using insights from GIS analysis. View
1785 Analyze human-centered data gathered through ethnographic methods described in geospatial layers, and interpret how it can inform architectural design requirements. View
1786 Demonstrate the use of GIS to visualize and assess spatial patterns that impact sustainability, energy efficiency, and urban resilience in architectural projects. View
1787 Evaluate the role of GIS-enabled digital twins in building lifecycle management and in promoting adaptive, sustainable design. View
1788 Describe the integration of GIS with other design tools, such as CAD, BIM, and 3D modeling, to support responsive design in Smart Cities. View
1789 Assess the impact of socioeconomic and environmental contexts on architectural decisions and illustrate how GIS can model these factors at regional, neighborhood, and campus scales. View
1790 Propose strategies for mitigating climate risks in building design using GIS for climate resilience and environmental analysis. View
1791 Design a GIS-based urban layout that incorporates human-scale and place-based principles, promoting walkability, accessibility, and connectivity within a neighborhood or campus. View